I have done a study
of inductors. It is
a very complex area
to study when one
starts from only a
basic understanding.
I hope I have it all
right so please let
me know if you see a
mistake. First of
all when I do a
study of something I
try to learn as best
as possible the
terminology. I have
compiled a list of
definitions of the
terms used when
working with
Inductors. This is a
very in depth area
and is not easy for
a beginner. I am
taking small steps.
I have started with
Impedance because I
think this was the
hardest to properly
understand.
Attribute:
Unit:
Symbol:
Definition:
Impedance:
Ohms
Z
The total
opposition
to
a changing
current by
an electric
circuit,
simply put
the
combination
of Reactance
and
Resistance
is known as
Impendence.
Impendence
is not just
the
arithmetic
sum of
Reactance
and
Resistance
it is equal
to the
square root
of the sum
of the
squares of
the
resistance
and
reactance of
the circuit.
Coil
Efficiency:
Nil
Q
Sometimes
referred to
as just Q.
This is resonance of
the coil at
a particular
frequency
with the
exclusion of
other
frequencies.
At a point
where the
coil reaches
it highest
efficiency,
the value of
Q moves
toward
infinity.
Reactance:
Ohms
X
The
opposition
of
inductance
and
capacitance
to
alternating
current,
expressed in
ohms: equal
to the
product of
the sine of
the angular
phase
difference
between
current and
voltage and
the ratio of
the
effective
voltage to
the
effective
current.
Capacitive
Reactance:
Nil
XC
The
opposition
of
capacitance
to
alternating
current,
equal to the
reciprocal
of the
product of
the angular
frequency of
the current
times the
capacitance.
Inductive
Reactance:
Nil
XL
The opposition of
inductance to
alternating current,
equal to the product
of the angular
frequency of the
current times the
self-inductance.
Inductance:
Henry
L
That
property of
a circuit by
which a
change in
current
induces, by
electromagnetic
induction,
an
electromotive
force.
Inductive
Coupling:
Nil
The coupling
between two
electric
circuits
through
inductances
linked by a
common
changing
magnetic
field.
Mutual
Inductance:
Henry
M
The ratio of
the
electromotive
force in one
of two
circuits to
the rate of
change of
current in
the other
circuit.
Self-Inductance:
Henry
k
Inductance inducing
an electromotive
force in the same
circuit in which the
motivating change of
current occurs,
equal to the number
of flux linkages per
unit of current.
Distributed
Capacitance:
Nil
C
(F/m)
Any
capacitance
other than
that within
a capacitor.
For example,
the
capacitance
between
adjacent
turns of
wire in a
coil.
Resonance:
Nil
Nil
That
condition of
a circuit
with respect
to a given
frequency or
the like in
which the
net
reactance is
zero and the
current flow
a maximum.
Directly
related to Q
Coil
Efficiency.
Flux-Linkage:
Maxwell
F
The rate of
cutting of
the Magnetic
Lines of
force by a
conductor.
Proportional
to the rate
of change of
the Flux
moving over
the
conductor.
Permeability:
Henries per
Metre (H/m)
m
Also called
magnetic
permeability.
A measure of
the ability
of a
substance to
sustain a
magnetic
field, equal
to the ratio
between
magnetic
flux density
and magnetic
field
strength.
For a
vacuum, its
value is
1.257 × 10-6
henries per
meter.
Highly
magnetisable
materials,
such as
ferromagnetic
materials,
have higher
magnetic
permeability.
Former:
Nil
Nil
Formers are
the devices
the coils
are actually
wound. They
are made of
Insulating
materials
such of
ceramic,
paxolin,
ebonite,
plastic's or
cardboard.
Magnetic
Flux :
Oerstead
H
Φ or H is
the
magnetic
field
strength
due to a
current
flowing in a
coil. The
mmf is the
force caused
by a current
I
flowing
through N
turns. In a
coil it is
the total
current
linked with
the magnetic
circuit. The
SI unit of
magnetic
flux is the
weber (in
derived
units:
volt-seconds),
and the unit
of magnetic
field is the
weber per
square
meter, or
tesla.
Weber:
Nil
Nil
The weber
may be
defined in
terms of
Faraday's
law, which
relates a
changing
magnetic
flux through
a loop to
the electric
field around
the loop. A
change in
flux of one
weber per
second will
induce an
electromotive
force of one
volt.
Magnetomotive
force:
Tesla
At
The standard
definition
of
magnetomotive
force
involves
current
passing
through an
electrical
conductor,
which
accounts for
the magnetic
fields of
electromagnets.
Permanent
magnets also
exhibit
magnetomotive
force, but
for
different
reasons.
Measured in
the
ampere-turn
(AT).
Ampere-Turn:
Nil
At
The
ampere-turn
(AT) is the
MKS unit of
magnetomotive
force,
represented
by a direct
current of
one ampere
flowing in a
single-turn
loop in a
vacuum.
"Turns"
refers to
the winding
number of an
electrical
conductor
comprising
an inductor.
An
ampere-turn
is equal to
4 Π/10
gilberts,
the
equivalent
CGS unit.
Gilbert:
Nil
Gi
The gilbert,
established
by the IEC
in 1930, is
the CGS unit
of
magnetomotive
force. The
gilbert is
defined
differently,
and is a
slightly
smaller unit
than the
ampere-turn.
The unit is
named after
William
Gilbert.
Gauss:
Nil
Nil
Abbreviated
as G, is the
cgs unit of
magnetic
flux density
in a
magnetic
field (B),
named after
the German
mathematician
and
physicist
Carl
Friedrich
Gauss. One
gauss is
defined as
one maxwell
per square
centimetre.
Gauss' law:
Nil
Nil
Gauss' law
is a law
relating the
distribution
of electric
charge to
the
resulting
electric
field. It is
one of the
four
Maxwell's
equations,
which form
the basis of
classical
electrodynamics,
and is also
closely
related to
Coulomb's
law.
Gauss's law
for
magnetism:
Nil
Nil
Gauss's law
for
magnetism is
one of the
four
Maxwell's
equations
which
underlie
classical
electrodynamics.
It states
that the
magnetic
field B has
divergence
equal to
zero, in
other words,
that it is a
solenoidal
vector
field. It is
equivalent
to the
statement
that
magnetic
monopoles do
not exist.
Rather than
"magnetic
charges",
the basic
entity for
magnetism is
the magnetic
dipole.
Electric
displacement
field:
Nil
D
The electric
displacement
field is a
vector field
that appears
in Maxwell's
equations.
It accounts
for the
effects of
bound
charges
within
materials.
"D" stands
for
"displacement,"
as in the
related
concept of
displacement
current in
dielectrics.
Electric
field:
Nil
E
The space
surrounding
an electric
charge or in
the presence
of a
time-varying
magnetic
field has a
property
called an
electric
field (that
can also be
equated to
electric
flux
density).
This
electric
field exerts
a force on
other
electrically
charged
objects.
Electric
Charge:
Nil
q
Electric
charge is a
fundamental
conserved
property of
some
subatomic
particles,
which
determines
their
electromagnetic
interaction.
Electrically
charged
matter is
influenced
by, and
produces,
electromagnetic
fields.
Phase:
Nil
Nil
When there
exists a
time
interval in
the starting
point of two
alternating
currents or
Voltages we
say there
exists a
Phase
difference
between the
two wave
forms.
Phases of
Current and
Voltage in a
Coil and
Capacity:
Nil
Nil
It can be
shown
Mathematically
and in the
Lab that
current
through an
inductor
(Coil) lags
behind the
Applied
Voltage by
90o
and the
current in a
capacitor
leads over
the applied
Voltage by
90o
Frequency:
Hertz
Hz
Frequency is
a measure of
the number
of
occurrences
of a
repeating
event per
unit time.
Duty Cycle:
Nil
D
Duty cycle
is the
proportion
of time
during which
a component,
device, or
system is
operated.
Suppose a
disk drive
operates for
1 second,
and is shut
off for 99
seconds,
then is run
for 1 second
again, and
so on. The
drive runs
for one out
of 100
seconds, or
1/100 of the
time, and
its duty
cycle is
therefore
1/100, or 1
percent.
Pulse-width
modulation:
Nil
Nil
Pulse-width
modulation (PWM)
of a signal
or power
source
involves the
modulation
of its duty
cycle, to
either
convey
information
over a
communications
channel or
control the
amount of
power sent
to a load.
I could add much
more to the above
table but this
should suffice for
what I am trying to
achieve. Many
references from
Wikipedia. As you
can see there is a
lot of complex
information when
working with a coil
of wire if one is
trying to get good
results. A good
example of high Q
(Coil Efficiency) is
John Bedini's SG
Motor. In this motor
John has shown
resonance points
when it is starting.
It can be seen on
the Amp meter when
starting the motor.
Ohms Law.
This is very
important to know
about before even
starting work on the
building of
inductors. Ohms law
will be familiar to
many but I am going
over it again for
those that do not
know. Ohms Law is
the holy grail for
Electric circuits.
Ohms law defines the
relationships
between Power (P),
Current (I), Voltage
(E) and Resistance
(R). The Equations
are as follows:
Power
P = I 2 x
R
P = E x I
P = E 2 /
R
Current
I = P / E
I =
√P/R
I = E / R
Voltage
E = I x R
E = P / I
E =
√PxR
Resistance
R = P / I 2
R = E / I
R = E 2 /
P
Power is measured in
Watts. One
familiar use Kilo Watt
Hours displayed on
the electricity bill, or "the motor
is a 1.8Kw Motor".
The power we use is
determined by these
units. Current is measured
in Amperes, or
depending on what
one is doing Micro,
or Mill Amperes. I
can illustrate this
much better with a
diagram:
Above we can see, I
= E / R.
1/1 = 1 so I = 1
A is an Amp Meter
and we see the
current in the
simulation is
989.11mA, it would
be 1 Ampere but
there are small
losses in the
circuit. This
illustrates the
calculation from
simple circuit
components and can
be substituted for
other parts. There
are many good Ohms
Law calculators on
the net. This one is
one I like:
Click Here.
Now I could ramble
on for many hours
but that is outright
boring. I am sure a
better way is to
watch some VERY Good
videos about
Inductors and Coils
by a true
professional. There
is a very good
series of Video
Lecture's on
Inductors:
Click Here.
Walter Lewin is the
Physics Professor
that is giving these
lectures. He does an
excellent job. I
would love to have
this man in my lab
every time I have a
problem to help me
work it out.
I can HIGHLY
recommend watching
the following list.
Resonance
Destructive
Resonance
Electromagnetic
Waves
Speed of
Light
Radio - TV
Distance
Determinations
using Radar
and Lasers
You can
download the
streaming
video files
if you
prefer to
play these
files
off-line.
MIT
OpenCourseWare
video files
stored on
the Akamai
network will
have two
types of
URLs. There
are video
and audio
only URLs (RealMedia
files only),
and URLs for
video and
audio files
that have
supporting
files such
as
captioning (RealMedia
with
supporting
files).
RealMedia
Files Only
If the URL
looks like
http://mfile.akamai.com/7870/rm/mitstorage.download.akamai.com/
7870/18/18.06/videolectures/strang-1806-lec01-26aug1999-220k.rm,
you can
download
using these
instructions:
You can
find the
URL for
the
video
you want
by
right-clicking
on the
link and
selecting
"Copy
Link
Location…"
(ctrl-click
on a
Mac).
Remove
the
entire
first
part of
the URL:
http://mfile.akamai.com/7870/rm/mitstorage.download.akamai.com/7870
Add
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870
instead.
This
will be
the link
to
download
the
RealMedia
file. It
will
look
something
like
this:
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/18/18.06/videolectures/strang-1806-lec01-26aug1999-220k.rm
Make
sure you
Save the
file to
a
convenient
location
like
your
Documents
or Video
folder.
These lectures are
absolutely brilliant
videos and anyone
wanting to learn
more about coils
these are a must
see. I very much
wish more excellent
content like this
was more freely
distributed on the
net. Thank you MIT
and very big thank
you
Walter Lewin. Great
job.
Inductance and
Generating currents.
It is important to
note that (Flux
Cutting), I like to
use Flux Modulation,
in a generator is
dependent on a few
different things.
First we have a look
at Nikola Tesla's
Polyphase Generator:
Tesla's Polyphase
Alternating Current
500 horse power
generator.
The Cross Sectional
Area of the inductor
is important for the
output. This is also
true for
transformers. The
Flux lines of the
Magnet per Unit Area
are different for
mild strength or
high strength
magnets. High
Strength Magnets
have closer flux
lines compared to
wider apart Flux
lines of a mild
strength magnet. To
induce large
currents, a fairly
large inductor will
be needed dependent
on the Magnetic Flux
Strength of the
Magnet, referred to
Magnetic Flux
Density. This is
visible in the above
Generators or
Dynamo's.
Calculations follow
the following
formulas:
H is flux density
and is considered,
in transformers, to
be 60,000 Lines of
magnetic Flux per
square inch.
N = 100000000/4.44 x
F x 60,000 x A
N = Number of turns.
A = Cross Sectional
Area of Winding of
Form. F = Frequency
of modulation. So an
Example would follow
as such. We are
looking for the
number of turns.
N = 100000000/4.44 x
60 x 60,000 x 3.43 =
2 turns per volt. So
240 turns for 120
volts and 480 turns
for 240 volts.
You can see here
that we need a big
cross sectional Area
of the inductors to
get the desired
result for 120
volts. I have played
with small inductors
and failed. The turn
Ratio/Area is needed
for overall
Inductance or there
will be no or a very
poor result.
Although this is a
reasonably big cross
sectional area it is
well beyond an
achievable result
for the VTA/SQM/ A
Transformer with a
centre core Area of
2 Inches by 1.5 will
fit the bill here
quite easily and
they are easy to
come by.
Now as you can see,
if there was two
main coils in
between the magnets
there would be no
room for the other
coils. You would be
right. This version
of the VTA/SQM had
no Quadrature coils
and we can see from
the below Schematic
there was a
Transformer doing
the job of the
Quadrature Coils. In
the next Picture we
can see there was
Quadrature Coils and
there is a
Transformer, from
the VTA Video we
know this
Transformer was a
step down
Transformer to power
the 12V Lights and
Motor. However we
can not easily see
the battery to start
the VTA/SQM as we
could see in the
last picture (Top
Right Hand Corner).
Again even more
proof to show there
was no conditioning
of the magnets prior
to the Magnets being
introduced to the
VTA.
The VTA/SQM is a
steady State
Alternator. Better
put a Space Quanta
Modulator. Read the
Nothing is Somthing
Document and it will
answer most of your
questions. Don't
wait for these many
of hundreds of
companies that make
broken promises and
NEVER deliver. Do it
for yourself.
Some more good reference
material I can
recommend is:
Click Here
I like to check Tom
Bearden's Website
for terms and
definitions also
when something does
not make allot of
sense:
Click Here
