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March 8, 1992
BEARESP.ASC
--------------------------------------------------------------------
This file shared
with KeelyNet
courtesy of Guy Resh.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The following letter
from Tom Bearden
relates to comments
made by
Bearden in his
reports on the Sweet
Vacuum Triode
device.
The papers are
listed on KeelyNet
as SWEET1 THROUGH
SWEET3 and
SWEET4A, SWEET4B,
SWEET4C and SWEET4D
in either .ZIP or .ASC
form.
********************************************************************
What follows is,
finally, Mr.
Beardens' reply to
comments made about
his conjectures. It
is dated Feb. 28,
1992...............Jon
Noring
********************************************************************
February 28, 1992
Tom Bearden
2311 Big Cove Road
Huntsville, AL 35801
(205) 533-3682H Home
(205) 536-0411 FAX
Dr. Jon Noring
1312 Carlton Place
Livermore, CA 94550
Dear Jon:
Thanks for sending
along the extract of
comments on the
papers.
Perhaps I can add a
thing or two that
will shed a little
more light
on some of this.
First, let's settle
the matter of
whether this is
a scam by persons
after money. It
isn't. There are no
stock plans.
Nobody wants any
"investment." No one
would accept it if
it were
offered. The
inventor presently
has a sufficient
small income for
his small needs. I
work every day as a
senior engineer, and
support
myself adequately in
that fashion. I'm
also retired from
the U.S.
Army with the rank
of Lieutenant
Colonel. Also, it is
certainly
quite true that the
burden of proof is
fully upon Sweet and
me.
That proof can only
be achieved by
independent test and
certification by
agencies and
scientists of
impeccable
credentials
and with no formal
connection to the
project. Until that
is done,
we totally accept
that what we have
said will not be
believed, and
should not be
believed. I will say
this: I have
absolutely no
Page 1
control of the
invention, and
absolutely no say in
its direction.
It is totally
Sweet's invention.
If I had had my own
fervent wish, formal
submission for
independent testing
and certification
(or falsification)
by the
scientific community
would have been
accomplished in
1987. Let it
also be noted that
an inventor has
agreements and/or
(with other)
parties involved; he
is often not legally
free to do exactly
as he
might wish. The best
we can presently ask
is that the readers
keep
an open but highly
skeptical mind,
until such
independent
certification is
forthcoming. If it
isn't forthcoming,
then trash
the whole thing in
file 13.
To try to address
the gist of many of
the other comments,
let
me point out that we
are referring to two
key mathematical
papers:
Whittaker 1903 as
cited, and Whittaker
1904 as cited. Let
me urge
all persons who
commented on the
lack of mathematics
to please at
least study those
two papers
intensely. Let me
summarize what they
actually show,
rigorously.
In the first paper,
Whittaker shows
that, completely at
odds
with the present
scientific view, the
electrostatic scalar
potential
has a totally
unsuspected and
highly organized
bidirectional EM
internal structure.
It's actually
composed of paired
EM waves,
each going in
opposite directions
(and in my view, one
being the
phase conjugate of
the other). Further,
the bidirectional
pairs
are phaselocked and
in a harmonic
sequence. So what
the potential
is actually composed
of is a Fourier-type
harmonic expansion,
directly coupled
with its
time-reversed twin
set, in a one-to-one
ratio, with all the
harmonic twin waves
phase-locked.
Normally, in
electromagnetics one
just gives a
magnitude to the
potential at each
point and leaves it
at that. However,
Whittaker
shows that the
potential at a point
actually encompasses
a
magnificent, hidden,
highly organized
flow of EM waves and
energy
into and out of that
point. Although
there may be no net
EM
forcefield at the
point, the "hidden
interior" energy
flow through
the point to and
from the surrounding
space is filled with
EM forces
and waves in dynamic
motion.
This leads to a real
quandary in the
assumed nature of a
scalar
potential, in my
view: Instead of
being a passive or
simple scalar
sort of thing that
just has a
convolution
magnitude and
sometimes an
external gradient in
that magnitude, it's
a new kind of entity
that
is scalar
externally, with
gradients between
adjacent external
points, but at the
same time it's
totally dynamic,
vectorial, and
energetically
organized "inside."
"Further, it would
seem to be in hidden
hyperspatial EM
communication with
every other point in
the universe, at
least in
the simple case. The
basic thing, I
think, is that
Whittaker seems
to delocalize the
notion of the
potential, extending
it into
hyperspace with
respect to its
internal EM energy
flow. If someone
on the net could put
that into more
precise language,
I'd be very
grateful.
In my picture of it,
as shown by
Whittaker the
seemingly quite
placid scalar
potential is an
unsuspecting vector
EM dynamo inside.
In early 1987 I
simply took the
Whittaker picture of
the potential's
Page 2
internal
bidirectional EM
waves seriously, and
realized that these
internal hidden EM
waves didn't
translate electrons
in the electron
shells of atoms, but
instead penetrated
to the nucleus
directly.
That meant that, in
simply having a
stress potential
added to a
material, one
effectively had
"pumping" EM waves
connected directly
to the atomic nuclei
through hyperspace,
bypassing the
electron
shells' usual
Faraday shielding
interaction.
One can fairly
readily build EM
wave oppositions in
proper
harmonic,
phase-locked
Whittaker fashion,
and so one can make
and
use an EM
gradient-free
potential
construction
entirely of
bidirectional waves.
This construction is
such that :
(1) a normal
electron-wiggle
detector instrument
doesn't even
"see" it,
(2) the internal
wave EM reaches
directly to the
nucleus and
affects it and
(3) it consists of
EM "pump" waves in
the nonlinear phase
conjugate mirror
sense.
All that was needed
then was to simply
extract the standard
pumped
phase conjugate
mirror equations
from nonlinear
optics and apply
them to this "potentialized"
or
"Whittaker-pumped"
nucleus of the
atom. That mean that
the nucleus should
now be a pumped
phase
conjugate mirror.
However, it still
needs one small
thing
added. Sweet did one
additional thing:
he superposed a
60-Hz modulation on
the envelope of the
Whittaker
bidirectional
waveset.
In other words, the
external amplitude
of the artificially
constructed stress
potential was
oscillated at 60 Hz.
[Note that
the external
amplitude of the
potential is what is
in our 3-space;
the internal
Whittaker EM biwaves
are BEYOND 3-space.
The nucleus is
a hyperspatial or
higher topological
entity when the
Whittaker
structures of its
potentials are taken
into account.]
Sweet personally
discovered the
activation procedure
(which he
still holds
proprietary) for
causing this 60-Hz
oscillation to be
taken up and
self-sustained by
the barium nucleus
(we assume that
it's the barium
nucleus involved,
because it won't
work with any
other kind of magnet
except a barium
ferrite magnet).
Self-
oscillation of
barium compounds is
well-known in the
phase conjugate
mirror optical
literature. However,
most of the papers
I've been
able to find on
self-pumping mirrors
have achieved the
self-pumping
only at optical
frequencies.
I've not been able
to find anything
else at ELF self-
oscillation
frequencies. I will
say that, if Sweet's
6-lb unit is
not in the
self-oscillation
(activated, or
self-pumping)
condition,
you won't get a
microwatt out of it,
no matter what you
do! If it's
in the
self-oscillation
condition but at
essentially "normal"
nuclear potential,
you will only get a
few watts out, say,
something
like six watts.
Sweet increased the
nuclear potential
and its 60-Hz
oscillation,
trapping it in the
barium nucleus also
as part of the
activation,
whereupon much
greater electrical
power is extractable
from the device. He
also worked out the
device design so
that its
Page 3
objective output
voltage was 120
volts, for an input
voltage of 10
volts (at 33
microamps). This
small 1/3 milliwatt
60 Hz input
corresponds to the
signal wave in PPCM
theory.
The entire device
is, in my view, just
a special
self-pumped
phase conjugate
mirror, precisely
like what is already
in the
standard literature,
self-pumping and
all. It's just
self-pumped at
ELF frequencies, and
in a very special
manner. It is being
fed by
self-oscillating
hidden EM biwave (pumpwave)
energy directly from
the surrounding
vacuum. [The EM
energy of the vacuum
intercommunicates
internally through
the hyperspatial
Whittaker
channels of the
vacuum. The gradient
in the potential
magnitude
represents the EM
energy entering our
3-space by local
scalar
interferometry.]
I also quoted a
reference that shows
that the local
vacuum
immediately around a
nucleus is
structured by the
nucleus and can be
considered and
treated as a special
sort of
semiconductor. One
can
visualize, then,
that the 60-Hz
trapped
self-oscillation is
between
that local
semiconductor vacuum
and the
potentialized barium
nucleus. In other
words, in the
self-oscillating
nuclear potential,
it is both the local
vacuum and the
nucleus that are
oscillating, at
180 degrees phase
from each other.
That means that
there is a
rhythmic inflow and
outflow of potential
(Whittaker biwaves)
envelope magnitude
gradient, to and
from the nucleus,
exchanged to
and from the local
semiconductor
vacuum. Note what
we're talking
about.
You've got to get
the hyperspatial EM
energy exchange of
the
vacuum "gated" or"
shifted" into our
3-space, from
hyperspace.
Whittaker's 1904
paper can be
interpreted as
showing that (1) the
gradient in the
potential represents
the 3-space aspect,
and (2) any
such potential
gradient in 3-space
is produced by
scalar
interferometry
(interference of the
hyperspatial vector
EM wave
interiors of scalar
potentials.)
So Sweet's 60-Hz
modulation of the
nuclear potential's
amplitude represents
a 3-space
oscillating flow of
EM vector energy,
in and out of the
nucleus from the
surrounding
semiconductor
vacuum.
If you properly
introduce a signal
wave to that
"activated" or self-
pumped nucleus (once
it's got a 3-space
oscillating EM
vector flow),
then by standard
textbook theory you
are going to get out
up to all
the energy in the
pump waves, coming
forth from the
"nucleus-mirror"
as an amplified
phase conjugate
replica (PCR) of the
small signal
wave input.
By the standard
distortion
correction theorem,
that amplified
PCR wave will travel
back along the path
taken by the signal
wave.
In other words,
you've got organized
EM energy coming out
of the
nuclei as a coherent
EM wave, through the
electron shells,
into the
material lattice,
and on out of there
into the external
circuit. At
that point, one
simply taps onto it
(e.g., by magnetic
induction),
and you can extract
and gate the
amplified energy
wherever you wish
in the external
circuit. Note that
the 60-Hz
self-oscillation
energy comes in from
the local vacuum to
the nucleus, on the
inflow
or "intake" cycle.
If you gate some of
it on out of the
nucleus
externally, instead
of letting it flow
back to the local
semiconductor
vacuum, the adjacent
vacuum surrounding
the
semiconductor just
promptly replenishes
the local vacuum
potential.
Page 4
It has to do so,
because of the
nonlocal
hyperspatial EM
energy flow
in the Whittaker
structure of the
potential in the
first place. You
can draw EM energy
out of those
internal EM waves in
the Whittaker
structure of the
potential, and the
electrical charges
establishing
that potential will
continue to "pump
out" virtual photons
and
replenish the
potential.
It can be seen that
the potentials
between the
self-pumping
nuclei are
self-cohering (in
their internal EM)
throughout the
mirror material by
what is called
"self-targeting,"
but that is
another story too
long to detail here.
The second (1904)
Whittaker
paper I cited is
also quite
revealing. Here's
what it shows.
Rigorously, you can
replace all of
classical forcefield
EM with
scalar potential
interferometry.
Period. Note that
this paper
actually
incorporates the
Aharonov-Bohm
effect, decades
before
Aharonov and Bohm's
seminal 1959 paper.
It also drastically
extends
it, for it is
dealing with
macroscopic effects,
not just mesoscopic.
Also, please note
that scalar
interferometry is
not an oxymoron,in
spite of being so
labeled by one
eminent scientist.
If you realize that
the scalar potential
is totally vectorial
in its Whittaker
internal
composition, and
comprised of
multiple
EM waves, then when
one interferes two
scalar EM
potentials, one is
simply doing
multiple wave
interferometry
simultaneously. It's
perfectly good
"wave"
interferometry; it's
just a whole bunch
of it
at once. And the
wave interference
actually connects
hyperspace EM
waves with 3-space
EM waves. The
hyperspatial EM wave
interference
creates 3-space EM
potential gradients
(forcefields),
including both
statics and
dynamics. To sum up
my view of the
Whittaker papers,
here's what they add
to physics:
(1) They add a
second and
completely new kind
of
electromagnetics, a
hidden hyperspatial
EM wave
communication inside
the scalar
potential. Since the
magnitude of the
scalar potential
from a single point
charge does not
reach zero until an
infinite radial
distance is reached,
then each point
charge communicates
electromagnetically
with each other
point in the
universe,
through the hidden
Whittaker EM
hyperspace channel.
It communicates via
hidden (hyperspatial)
EM waves that a
normal EM detector
does not even see.
(2) The papers allow
replacing all
notions of external
[3-
space] EM force
fields, waves, etc.
with scalar
interferometry of
potentials [hyperspatial
EM wave
interferometry].
(3) by adding the
"internal" EM energy
and its hyperspatial
"hidden variable"
communication, the
two papers do in
fact
extend each of the
three disciplines:
classical EM, QM,and
general relativity.
Indeed, they force
consideration of a
sort of "action at a
distance," where by
scalar
interferometry the
local vacuum
potential and the
local spacetime
itself are altered
and interact
with the system in
unexpected manners.
Since the Whittaker
internal EM energy
extension set is the
same in each case,
it is my view that
adding the Whittaker
internal
Page 5
EM does unify the
three extended
disciplines. Note
that it does not
change the three
present subsets. We
might also ask the
following:
Can anyone show any
paper in the
literature, other
than the
Whittaker work and
the other two recent
papers I cited, that
deals with this
internal organized
EM inside the scalar
potential? If so,
I've personally been
unable to find it,
and
would very much
appreciate the
reference.
Does there exist any
other paper in the
literature that
treats
the atomic nucleus
as a pumped phase
conjugate mirror? I
would
very much appreciate
the references, if
there are any.
Are there any papers
at all in the
literature, where
research
has been conducted
in actually making
the Whittaker-type
of
simultaneous wave/antiwave
structure as an
artificial scalar
potential, in beams,
and performing
scalar beam
interferometry
with it on materials
and systems at a
distance __ e.g.,
say at
three feet in the
laboratory? If so,
I'd again very much
appreciate the
references.
It is my strong
feeling that we must
get such things
looked into by
the universities and
by sharp physicists
and graduate
students. The
Whittaker approach
and the concept of
using the nucleus of
the atom
as a pumped phase
conjugate mirror
that one can
externally engineer
electromagnetically,
do seem to lead to
some startling
things on the
bench. But presently
the phenomenology is
so completely
unknown and
unexpected that I
fear we may never
have a true science
and
technology here
unless
university-level
work is done on it.
Indeed,
it's going to take
some good theorists
and some good
experimentalists
both.
I might add that
Sweet is
incorporating the
Whittaker theory
into his EM theory
of the device, and I
expect him to
publish that
in the future for
peer review and
examination. His
wife died
recently, however,
and so that part of
the effort has been
setback
for a time. Sweet is
a good theorist (I
am not), and he is
an
especially good
magnetics engineer
of high caliber. He
is also, in
my opinion, a genius
on the experimental
bench.
*** He has other
highly unusual EM
inventions which may
***
receive more
publicity in the
future.
I believe that, for
the quaternions, the
best way to describe
EM
expressed in
quaternions (or
better yet, in
Clifford algebra) is
to
note that the EM
thus expressed has a
higher topology. It
seems
that you can get EM
effects in the
higher topology that
a rigorous
orthodox EM analysis
will never reveal or
appreciate.
A very interesting
reference to check
in this respect __
by a
highly capable
scientist, and with
all the mathematics
__ is T.W.
Barrett, "Tesla's
nonlinear
oscillator-shuttle-circuit
(OSC)
theory," Annales de
la Fondation Louis
de Broglie, 16(1),
1991,p.
23-41.
Indeed, I'm
attracted to the
notion that my own
concept of the
nucleus as a pumped
phase conjugate
mirror could also
possibly be
expressed in terms
of Barrett's OSC
exposition. This is
particularly
attractive because
Barrett points out
that in the
Page 6
higher topology the
nonlinear optics
effects are
achievable by
circuits and devices
themselves, without
the presence of
laser-
matter interactions
as such. He also
cites a document
number
225395, 1988, U.S.
Patent Office, where
the OSC theory was
originally
disclosed.
The complete
mathematics for
decomposition of the
electrostatic
scalar potential
into bidirectional
EM wave sets in
harmonic phase-
locked series is in
E.T. Whittaker, "On
the partial
differential
equations of
mathematical
physics,"
Mathematische
Annalen, Vol. 57,
1903, p. 333-355.
The complete
mathematical proof
that classical EM
can be
completely replaced
with scalar
potential
interferometry is in
E.T.
Whittaker, "On an
expression of the
electromagnetic
field due to
electrons by means
of two scalar
potential
functions,"
Proceedings
of the London
Mathematical
Society, Series 2,
Vol. 1, 1904, p.
367-372.
I believe Whittaker
actually orally
delivered both
papers in
1903. Review and
commentary from the
network scientists
on the
two Whittaker
papers, and on the
significance of the
Whittaker
papers or lack of
it, would be most
deeply appreciated.
Particularly desired
would be the results
of any experiments
performed in scalar
potential
interferometry, at a
mild distance
(say, three feet)
where each of the
two interfering
potentials is
artificially
constructed of
multiple
phase-locked
harmonics
and their true phase
conjugate waves in
one-to-one magnitude
ratio.
We accent that at
least one harmonic
interval, and
preferably more
than that, are
essential.
Sincerely,
Tom Bearden
--------------------------------------------------------------------
If you have comments
or other information
relating to such
topics
as this paper
covers, please
upload to KeelyNet
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address as listed on
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Thank you for your
consideration,
interest and
support.
Jerry W.
Decker.........Ron
Barker...........Chuck
Henderson
Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Jerry at (214)
324-8741 or Ron at
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February 22, 1992
SWEET1.ASC
--------------------------------------------------------------------
This file shared
with KeelyNet
courtesy of Guy Resh.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Hello,
I just received in
ASCII form the two
papers by Mr. Tom E.
Bearden
which appeared in
the Proceedings of
the 26th
Intersociety Energy
Conversion
Engineering
Conference, August
4-9, 1991, Boston,
Massachusetts. They
can be found in
volume 4 in the
section
entitled 'Advanced
Energy Concepts'.
The titles are :
"Utilizing Scalar
Electromagnetics to
Tap Vacuum Energy"
by Floyd Sweet and
Tom E. Bearden (pp.
370-375)
(listed as
SWEET1.ASC on
KeelyNet)
and
"On a Testable
Unification of
Electromagnetics,
General Relativity,
and Quantum
Mechanics"
by Tom E. Bearden
and Walter Rosenthal
(pp. 487-492)
(listed as
SWEET2.ASC on
KeelyNet)
Except for the
unsupported
conjectures dealing
with mind, thought
and life, which
bring his results
almost into the
metaphysical
realm, I find these
papers to be very
intriguing and
compelling.
Thus, with the
permission of Mr.
Bearden, I am
posting them to
sci.physics and
alt.sci.physics.new-theories.
(I'll start with the
paper "On a Testable
Unification of
Electromagnetics,
General
Relativity, and
Quantum Mechanics".)
As you can see in
the "Followup-To:"
line, I would like
to see
discussion appear in
alt.sci.physics.new-theories,
since that is the
most appropriate
place for
discussion. If your
site does not
receive a.s.p.n.,
then let me know,
and I can send you
summaries of
whatever discussion
follows (hopefully a
lot). Of course, if
your
site doesn't receive
a.s.p.n, then ask
your sysadmin if it
would be
possible to receive
it.
BTW, Mr. Bearden is
not (yet) on the
net, but he has
agreed to let
me be a go-between,
and I'll try to post
his comments on
whatever
discussion ensues. I
encourage everybody
to find Whittaker's
two
papers and Maxwell's
original treatise on
electromagnetic
theory
(see the papers for
the exact citations)
and to read them
carefully.
I hope you find
these papers as
intriguing as I
have. If nothing
else, it will help
you to firm up your
foundation of
physics.
Page 1
Please, let's keep
an open, yet
critical mind, and
let's not allow
the discussion to
develop into a flame
war.
Jon Noring
(As soon as I have
time, I'll post Mr.
Bearden's other
paper. They
came to me in Word
5.0 format, so I've
had to do some
editing).
====================================================================
| Jon Noring |
noring@netcom.netcom.com
|"The dogs bark,
but|
| JKN International
| IP :
192.100.81.100 | the
caravan moves |
| 1312 Carlton
Place| Phone : (510)
294-8153 | caravan
moves on."|
| Livermore,CA
94550| V-Mail: (510)
862-1101 |"Pack your
lunch, |
| | sit in the
bushes,|
| | and watch." |
====================================================================
"If you make $50,000
today, you have the
same buying power as
the
average coal miner
did in 1949,
adjusted for taxes
and inflation,"
John Sestina,
nationally
recognized Certified
Financial Planner;
quoted in 1987.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[This paper appeared
in the 26th IECEC
Conference, as past
posts
have mentioned.
Posted with the
permission of T.E.
Bearden. See
my prior post for
more information.
J.Noring]
ON A TESTABLE
UNIFICATION OF
ELECTROMAGNETICS,
GENERAL RELATIVITY,
AND QUANTUM
MECHANICS
T. E. Bearden
Association of
Distinguished
American Scientists
2311 Big Cove Road
Huntsville, Alabama
35801
Walter Rosenthal
4876 Bethany Lane
Santa Maria,
California 93455
Abstract
Unrecognized for
what it was, in
1903-1904 E.T.
Whittaker (W)
published a
fundamental,
engineerable theory
of
electrogravitation
(EG) in two profound
papers. The first
(W-1903)
demonstrated a
hidden bidirectional
EM wave structure in
the scalar potential
of
vacuum, and showed
how to produce a
standing scalar EM
potential
wave -- the same
wave discovered
experimentally four
years earlier
by Nikola Tesla.
W-1903 is a hidden
variable theory that
shows how to
deterministically
curve the local
and/or distant
space-time using
EM.
W-1904 shows that
all force field EM
can be replaced by
interferometry of
two scalar
potentials,
anticipating the
Aharonov-
Bohm effect by 55
years and extending
it to the
engineerable
macroscopic world.
W-1903 shows how to
turn EM into
G-potential, curve
local and/or
distant space-time,
and directly
engineer the virtual
particle flux
of vacuum.
Page 2
W-1904 shows how to
turn G-potential and
curvature of
space-time
back into
force-field EM, even
at a distance. The
papers implement
Sakharov's 1968
statement that
gravitation is not a
fundamental
field of nature, but
a conglomerate of
other fields.
Separately
applied to
electromagnetics
(EM), quantum
mechanics (QM), and
general relativity
(GR), an extended
superset of each
results.
The three supersets
are
Whittaker-unified,
so that a testable,
engineerable,
unified field theory
is generated. EM,
QM, and GR
each contained a
fundamental error
that blocked
unification, and
these three errors
are explained. The
Schroedinger
potential can
also be structured
and altered,
indicating the
direct engineering
of
physical quantum
change.
Recently Ignatovich
has pointed out this
hidden bidirectional
EM
wave structure in
the Schroedinger
potential, without
referencing
Whittaker's 1903
discovery of the
basic effect. The
potential for
applying the new
approach to explain
the nature of mind
and thought,
and providing a
laboratory-testable
theory for them, is
briefly
noted and indicative
major references
cited. Some of the
possible
implications for
physics and biology
are pointed out.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Electromagnetics Has
Foundations
Difficulties
There exists today a
small but growing
number of scientists
who have
become aware that
the presently
accepted
electromagnetic
theory is
seriously flawed.
Shortcomings in the
theory are readily
cited.
(listed as
THEORYBE.ASC on
KeelyNet)
For example, in
railgun experiments
the Lorentz force
law has been
falsified. It was
always an
approximation, and
does not adequately
approximate at high
energies. [ref. 1]
Also completely
contrary to orthodox
EM theory, the EM
force fields
are not primary
agents at all, but
are effects produced
in and on
the physical system
by the potentials.
As an example, we
cite the
Aharonov-Bohm (AB)
effect, which proves
that, even in the
total
absence of the force
fields, the
potentials remain
and can interfere
at a distance to
produce real effects
in charged particle
systems.
[ref. 2] The AB
effect has been
proven to the
satisfaction of all
but the most diehard
skeptics. [ref. 3]
However, its
fundamental
impact on the basic
notions underlying
classical EM theory
continues
to be ignored by all
but a handful of
scientists.
These EM
shortcomings were
not present in the
original quaternion
EM
theory by James
Clerk Maxwell. [ref.
4] Indeed, the
original
Maxwell theory
contains many things
that were mistakenly
eliminated
from the abbreviated
vector theory
formulated primarily
by Heaviside
and Gibbs, and to a
lesser extent by
Hertz. [ref. 5]
Further, these
things that do not
exist in
conventional EM
theory, but that
exist
in Maxwell's actual
quaternion theory,
can be used in
specially
designed equipment,
and the operation of
that equipment will
be
inexplicable by
present-day
electromagnetic
theory. AB-effect
laboratory
apparatuses are in
fact rigorous
demonstrations of
such
a statement.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Scalar
Electromagnetics
This can be even
further explained
and developed
experimentally
Page 3
according to
Whittaker's
fundamental
approach. [ref. 6]
In a modern sense,
in 1903/1904
Whittaker
theoretically showed
how
to engineer the
scalar potential
with a highly
dynamic, hidden,
bidirectional EM
wave structure, to
build hidden EM
vacuum engines
that are still
unsuspected in
modern physics
today. Much of the
content of the
fundamental 1959
Aharonov/Bohm paper
was anticipated
in a different
manner, and
dramatically
extended in an
engineerable,
testable fashion, by
Whittaker's two
papers. At the time,
however,
the vector
| phi(x)
|
|
|
| potential
|
| + +
| + + <----
Organized Local
Space-Time
| + + Curvature
| + EM +
| + Substructure +
| + +
| + +
|+_______________________________+_______________________________+
+ +
X --> + EM +
+ Substructure +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Figure 1. A Standing
Scalar EM Potential
Whittaker Wave.
interpretation of
Maxwell's EM theory
was just slowly
beginning to
spread as the
adopted model. Also,
special and general
relativity
and quantum
mechanics had not
yet been born.
Accordingly,
considering the
scientific
understanding of the
day, it was not
possible for any
scientist, even
Whittaker himself,
to perceive the
potential future
impact these
fundamental papers
could have on
sciences and
technologies not yet
even born.
Unfortunately, in
later years
Whittaker apparently
never realized that
his two earlier
papers had such
application to the
modern unification
problem.
Indeed, up to the
time of Whittaker's
death, very few
scientists
even concerned
themselves with the
notion of unified
fields.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Turning EM Energy
Into G-Potential
Energy
In his 1903 paper
Whittaker showed
that a standing
scalar potential
wave can be
decomposed into a
special set of
bidirectional EM
waves
that convolute into
a standing scalar
potential wave, as
shown in
Figure 1. As a
corollary, a set of
bidirectional EM
waves, stress
waves, can be
constructed to form
a standing scalar
potential wave
in space, as shown
in Figure 2. Since
all potentials
represent
trapped energy
density of vacuum,
they are
gravitational
[Note, Figure 2 is
too complicated to
reproduce here in
ASCII]
Page 4
Figure 2.
Whittaker's
Bidirectional EM
Plane Wave
Structure.
in nature. [ref. 7]
Because it
represents a
"standing wave"
whose
magnitude represents
the variation in the
local energy density
of
the vacuum, the
Whittaker scalar
potential wave
represents a
standing wave of
variation in the
local curvature of
vacuum, sharply
in contradiction to
the assumptions of
present
electromagnetics and
general relativity.
[ref. 8] It also
represents a
standing wave of
the variation of the
local gauge.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Turning G-Potential
Back to EM
The very next year,
Whittaker's second
paper (cited above)
showed
how to turn such
G-potential wave
energy back into EM
energy, even
at a distance, by
scalar potential
interferometry,
anticipating and
greatly expanding
the Aharonov-Bohm
effect.
Indeed, Whittaker's
second paper shows
that the entire
present
force-field
electromagnetics can
be directly replaced
with scalar
potential
interferometry. In
other words, scalar
EM includes and
extends the present
restricted vector
subset of Maxwell's
original
theory.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Engineering the
Nucleus Directly
Whittaker's work is
even more striking
when one realizes
that
potentials are
actually part of the
vacuum itself. They
pervade
through the electron
shells of an atom,
directly reaching
the
nucleus and
centering on it.
Gross external
changes (gradients;
force fields) of the
potentials
interact primarily
with the electron
shells of the atom.
The
stabilized
(persistent,
gradient-free)
potential's primary
interaction is with
the atomic nucleus.
Specifically, the
primary interaction
between the
infolded,
internalized EM
bidirectional wave
structure of a
Whittaker
potential is with
the atomic nuclei,
rather than with the
atom's
electron shells,
because in the
standing Whittaker
potential wave
the local magnitude
of the external
potential is not
changing.
Whittaker has in
fact shown that
there exists an
unsuspected,
hidden, internal EM
energy exchange
channel between
nuclei, a
channel where EM
energy flows
bidirectionally,
undetected by most
modern detectors.
Unlimited types of
Whittaker-structures
can be produced in
the
laboratory in the
form of
deterministically
structured
potentials;
for the first time,
the direct
engineering,
structuring, and
manipulation of the
nuclear potentials
themselves, even
with
miniscule EM power,
is possible. This is
a new capability of
exceptional
importance and
application.
The Whittaker
structuring in
effect allows one to
produce a "virtual
grid" to place in
the violent virtual
particle flux (VPF)
exchange
of the local vacuum
with the nucleus. By
simply holding the
grid
signal constant,
gradually the
nuclear potential
itself will
substructure
(activate) with the
same structure.
Page 5
When the activating
("charging")
potential is
removed, the
activation of the
nucleus will
gradually "decay"
back to the normal
structure. Just as
one example, the
binding energy of an
atomic
nucleus is
accessible and,
theoretically,
engineerable.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Whittaker
Structuring
Confirmed
Recently Ignatovich
has pointed out the
hidden bidirectional
EM wave
structure in the
Schroedinger
potential, without
referencing
Whittaker's 1903
discovery of the
basic effect. [ref.
9]
Also, recently
modern researchers,
working on acoustic
missiles and
with the scalar
acoustic wave
equation, have
"rediscovered"
Whittaker's 1903
infolded
bidirectional planar
waves inside the
scalar wave. [ref.
10] They do not
appear to have yet
recognized
its relevance to
their work in
electromagnetic
missiles. [ref. 11]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
STOCHASTIC
ELECTRODYNAMICS
Whittaker's paper
takes on a
significant new
meaning, however, in
light of Sakharov's
1968 hypothesis that
gravitation is not a
primary field, but
is produced as a
result of
interactions of
other
fields. Together
with Whittaker's
structured
potential, this
implies that the
gravitational
aspects of the
nucleus can also be
electromagnetically
engineered.
As a result of
Sakharov's
hypothesis,
explosive activity
in
stochastic
electrodynamics
(SED) has shown that
many fundamental
parts of physics are
"already unified" in
terms of
electromagnetics
and gravitation.
Evidence continues
to accumulate that
the
gravitational field
may not be a primary
field of nature, but
a
secondary or
residual effect
associated with
other
non-gravitational
fields.
[ref. 12] Actually,
general relativity
has always focused
on
energy as the thing
which really has
gravitation. Trapped
energy,
such as mass, is
particularly
important. But since
mass is
essentially trapped
EM energy,
relativity has
essentially assumed
Sakharov's
hypothesis anyway,
without stating it
so explicitly.
Further, GR
considers "the"
G-potential as a
conglomerate of
other
things. [ref. 13] It
follows that the
gradient of that
conglomerate
yields a force field
which is also a
conglomerate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
G-Potential is
Electromagnetic
Starting from
Sakharov's
postulate, to the
first order
gravitation
should be due to
some aspect of the
EM field, since EM
is the
strongest and most
universal force
normally encountered
in the
macroscopic world
experimentally, and
since mass is
already "trapped
EM energy." Thus
Sakharov focused
attention upon the
zero-point EM
energy fluctuations
(ZPF) of vacuum.
Sakharov conjectured
that the Lagrange
function of the
G-field is
generated by vacuum
polarization, due to
fermions. [ref. 14]
Akama
et al examined the
potential generation
of gravity as a
collective
excitation of
fermion-antifermion
pairs. [ref. 15]
Haxlacher and
Mottolo proved that
space-time (ST)
curvature can
Page 6
arise from the
quantum fluctuations
of pure gauge
fields. [ref. 16]
Zee showed that
gravity is generated
as a
symmetry-breaking
effect
in quantum field
theory in which a
dynamical
scale-invariance
breaking is
postulated to take
place at energies
near the Planck
mass. [ref. 17]
Amati, Veneziano and
Yoshimoto showed
that in
pre-geometric models
the Einstein action
and metric may be
generated from
quantum
fluctuations of
matter fields. [ref.
18]
A review of the
exploding field was
given by Adler, with
particular
emphasis on the case
of renormalizable
field theories with
dynamical
scale-invariance
breaking, in which
the induced
gravitational
effective action is
finite and
calculable. [ref.
19]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Puthoff's Important
Contribution
Recently Puthoff has
applied the Sakharov
viewpoint to
significantly
advance the
stochastic
electrodynamics
field. He has
successfully
explained why the
atom's orbital
electrons do not
decay into the
nucleus, even though
by conventional EM
theory each electron
must
constantly radiate
EM energy, since it
is constantly
accelerated.
[ref. 20]
He has also shown
that gravitation can
indeed be regarded
as an
induced effect
associated with
zero-point EM
fluctuations of the
vacuum. [ref. 21] He
has also shown a
feedback-derivation
of the
source of the vacuum
EM zero-point energy
fluctuations from
quantum
fluctuation motion
of particles driven
by the ZPE. [ref.
22]
Quantum fluctuation
motion of particles
and vacuum ZPE
fluctuations
are connected by a
causal,
self-regenerating
cosmological
feedback
cycle.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Some Conclusions
In light of
Whittaker's EM
structuring of the
potential, there are
several important
conclusions to be
taken from the
important SED
work since
Sakharov's seminal
suggestion, as
follows:
(1) In stochastic
electrodynamics,
very solid
theoretical
foundation exists
for
electrogravitation.
(2) The vacuum EM
ZPF may be regarded
as causally
connected to
quantum mechanical
particle jitter
(Zitterbewegung
motion)
and vice versa,
though the feedback
mechanism into the
virtual particle
flux of vacuum is
normally hidden by
the
large-scale
integration
represented by any
macroscopic
object or process.
(3) The SED
theoretical
demonstration of
this hidden
mechanism
adds new emphasis on
the rather neglected
hidden variable
theories.
(4) In some fashion,
statistical quantum
change is chaotic
rather than random,
for it has already
been shown by
Puthoff that the
vacuum ZPF
fluctuations driving
everything
are totally
deterministic. It
follows that,
theoretically,
hidden Whittaker
order already exists
in quantum change,
and quantum change
must be already
chaotic and at least
partially
deterministic.
(5) It follows that
there may well exist
engineerable
mechanisms that can
affect or manipulate
quantum change.
Page 7
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Whittaker Potentials
Are Engineerable
What Whittaker has
described in his
1903 paper is a
standing
electrogravitational
wave, a standing
wave in the local
curvature of
space-time itself,
that can readily be
constructed
experimentally.
This Whittaker
standing potential
wave is precisely
the new form of
standing EM wave
that Nikola Tesla
had experimentally
discovered
being radiated from
a thunderstorm four
years earlier, on
the night
of July 3-4, 1899,
and which he
recorded in his
Colorado Springs
Notebook on the
morning of July 4,
1899. [ref. 23]
Further, Whittaker's
paper directly
implies that the
hidden variable
determinism shown by
Puthoff to be
driving the
zero-point EM
fluctuations can
also be engineered,
both locally and at
a distance.
In short,
Whittaker's 1903
paper shows how to
turn
electromagnetics
into gravitational
potential.
Unknowingly,
Whittaker had
already
shown the correct
engineering way to
unify EM and G
fields, and
already falsified
one of Einstein's
later primary GR
assumptions,
that the local
space-time is never
curved, in a
testable manner, a
decade before
Einstein published
his theory of
general relativity.
In the very next
year, 1904,
Whittaker's second
paper (orally
presented in 1903)
was published. [ref.
24] In this
little-noticed
paper Whittaker
shows that all
classical force
field
electromagnetics can
be replaced by
scalar EM potentials
and their
interferometry.
Specifically, any EM
force field can be
replaced by two
scalar
potential fields and
scalar
interferometry. The
combination of this
paper and the 1903
Mathematische
Annalen paper not
only includes the
Aharonov-Bohm
effect, but
specifies a testable
method for producing
a macroscopic and
controlled
Aharanov-Bohm
effect, even at
large
distances. [ref. 25]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
PRESENT
ELECTROMAGNETIC
THEORY IS INCOMPLETE
As stated above,
Maxwell's original
EM theory was
written in
quaternions, which
are an extension to
the complex number
theory and
an independent
system of
mathematics. In
short, since the
quaternion is a
hypernumber,
Maxwell's theory was
a hyperspatial
theory, not just the
limited
three-dimensional
subset that was
extracted and
expressed by
Heaviside and Gibbs
in terms of an
abbreviated,
incomplete vector
mathematics. [ref.
26]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Heaviside and Gibbs
Curtailed Maxwell's
Theory
Oliver Heaviside was
a brilliant,
self-taught genius
who never
formally attained a
university degree,
and whose papers
were printed
in technical
magazines rather
than scientific
journals. When
Maxwell published
his Treatise in
1873, Heaviside was
just teaching
himself differential
equations.
Heaviside's
imagination was
completely seized by
Maxwell's book, and
Maxwell forever
became his hero.
However, he had
great difficulty
with quaternions and
could not completely
tolerate them.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 8
Electrogravitation
Was Discarded
A puzzled Heaviside
abhorred the
quaternion, since it
linked
together a scalar
component and a
vector component, or
"apples and
oranges," in his
view. He excised the
scalar component of
the
quaternion and
excluded the
hyperspatial
characteristics of
its
directional
components,
producing his much
more limited
vectors.
To unite magnetics
and
electromagnetics,
the simplest complex
aspect
of the quaternion
had to be restored
by resorting to
ordinary
imaginary numbers.
These machinations
to the quaternion
theory,
however, discarded
its unified field
theory aspects.
In short, Heaviside
produced a very
practical, highly
restricted
subset that was far
easier to engineer,
but he threw out
electrogravitation
in the process.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Hatred of the
Potential
Heaviside hated the
potential because he
did not truly
understand
it. He stated that
it was "...mystical
and should be
murdered from
the theory." He
conditioned
generations of
physicists and
engineers
to erroneously
believe that the
potential was just a
mathematical
convenience, and had
no actual physical
realization.
Indeed, most
electrical
physicists and
electrical engineers
are
still of that
erroneous persuasion
today, even though
the Aharonov-
Bohm work has
long-since falsified
such a position,
both
theoretically and
experimentally.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The Quaternion
Theory Was Already a
Unified EM/G Theory
The present author
has previously
pointed out that
Maxwell's
quaternion theory
was in fact a
unified theory of
electromagnetics
and gravitation, and
that the scalar
component of the
quaternion was
the
electrogravitational
part. [ref. 27]
That part was
discarded by
Heaviside and Gibbs,
and so
electrogravitation
no longer appears in
the electromagnetics
that
resulted from
Heaviside's and
Gibbs' surgery on
Maxwell's quaternion
theory. Strong
experimental
evidence for the EG
nature of
Whittaker's scalar
EM theory is planned
for presentation at
this
conference. [ref.
28]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
ELECTROGRAVITATION
ALSO EXCLUDED FROM
GENERAL RELATIVITY
The
electrogravitational
effect was also
erroneously excluded
from
Einsteinian general
relativity (GR).
Einstein unwittingly
narrowed
his general
relativity to only a
subset of an
unrestricted general
relativity of curved
space-time, by
excluding local
curvature. This
GR error was an
indirect result of
the fundamental
Heaviside/Gibbs
omission error in
classical
electromagnetics.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Einstein's
Gedankenexperiment
Unfortunately,
Einstein's view of
electromagnetics
approximated the
classical
Heaviside/Gibbs
view. In classical
EM theory, the
electrical
potentials, which
actually were
electrogravitational
potentials, were
already ignored as
having no physical
significance,
Page 9
and EM was
considered mutually
exclusive to G.
Therefore, Einstein
only considered the
weak gravitational
force due to the
attraction
of mass, in
developing his
general relativity
theory of curved
space-time.
The G-force is far
weaker than the
E-force; for two
electrons, for
example, the
attractive G-force
between them is on
the order of only
10^-42 times as
strong as their
electrical E-force
repulsion. Thus
the G-force is
incredibly smaller
than the EM force.
If only the weak
G-force is
considered for
curving space-time,
then
there will never be
an observable
curvature except in
the immediate
vicinity of a very
large mass, such as
on the surface of
the sun or
near a star.
Considering the weak
G-force as the agent
for curvature,
Einstein
reasoned that the
laboratory and the
observer/scientist/instrument
would never be on
the surface of the
sun or near a star.
Therefore,
the local
space-time, where
the lab and the
scientist/observer
and
his instruments are,
would never be
observably curved.
The local
space-time of the
observer would
always be flat.
Unfortunately
Einstein then
overgeneralized his
thought examination,
and he stated one of
his fundamental
postulates of
general
relativity as "The
local space-time is
always flat." This
is an
erroneous
overstatement.
The postulate should
be more correctly
stated as follows:
"The local
space-time is always
flat, whenever only
the weak
gravitational
force is used for
the agent of
curvature, and the
observer is not
near a large
collection of mass,
such as a star."
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Corollary to the
Corrected Postulate
The two statements
of the postulate
differ
fundamentally.
Einstein's
overstatement of the
postulate does not
allow the far
stronger EM force to
be used as an agent
for local curvature.
In
effect, his own
postulate excluded
electromagnetics
from curvature
unity with
gravitation, in his
general relativity
theory. [ref. 29]
On the other hand,
the corrected
statement of the
postulate admits
the following
corollary:
"When a very strong
force such as the
electromagnetic
force is
used for the agent
of curvature, the
local space-time may
be
curved, even though
the observer is not
near a large
collection of mass,
such as a star."
[ref. 30]
Regrettably, many of
Einstein's modern
followers have
raised
Einstein's theory to
a dogma, and have
vigorously enforced
his
overstatement of the
locally flat
space-time. [ref.
31]
In so doing, general
relativity has been
erroneously reduced
to a
theory that is
basically not
experimental:
A priori, if the
local space-time is
flat, then there is
no
local experiment or
local apparatus that
involves or yields a
curved space-time
where the
laboratory, the
instruments, and
the observer are
located.
Page 10
In this fashion the
universities have
continued to
perpetuate the
exclusion of
electrogravitation
and its direct
space-time curvature
engineering
implications.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
THE CURTAILMENT OF
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Today, quantum
mechanics is our
most successful
physics theory. Its
predictions, even
the eery prediction
of action at a
distance, have
been proven time and
time again. However,
quantum mechanics
theory
is known to have a
formidable
foundations
difficulty: Try as
they
will, quantum
physicists cannot
find chaos in the
theory. The
theory is known to
be wrong unless it
possesses chaos
(hidden order
inside its
statistics), yet the
best efforts of
quantum physicists
have failed to find
it. [ref. 32]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Chaos Excluded By
Inherent Assumption
Any well-founded
mathematical
discipline is
totally implied by
its
foundations
postulates, and that
is true of quantum
mechanics. If
the best efforts of
the ablest
physicists of the
day cannot find
chaos in the present
QM, then one may
suspect that the
present QM
does not contain
chaos (hidden
order), but already
excludes it in
some fashion. If
that is true, then
some present QM
postulate,
either explicit or
implicit, of QM must
be the culprit.
If so, the "real" QM
needed is a superset
that has at least
two
subsets: one (the
missing) subset
includes chaos,
while the present
subset excludes
chaos.
So we may suspect
that one or more of
the postulates of
the present
QM theory is in
error or overly
restrictive, and
must be changed to
allow the missing
chaotic subset.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Gibbs Statistics
Excludes Hidden
Order
Indeed, we may
resolve this
formidable QM
problem quite simply
by
examining the
statistics utilized
by quantum
mechanics. When QM
was
being formulated,
scientists simply
appropriated and
included the
thermodynamic
statistics of
Willard Gibbs (the
same Gibbs who,
together with
Heaviside, was
responsible for the
highly restricted
vector subset of
Maxwell's theory of
electromagnetics.).
Gibbs'
thermodynamics
statistics was
totally based on the
notion of
the random variable.
That is, the change
(value assumed by
the
variable in a
specific instance)
is not only totally
statistical, it
is also totally
random.
Quantum physicists
assumed a postulate
of QM as follows:
"Quantum
change is totally
statistical."
However, because of
the Gibbs
statistics, in
application they
interpreted that
postulate in a much
stronger fashion, as
if it had been
stated thusly:
"Quantum change
is totally
statistical and
random."
The actual postulate
and the presently
applied
interpretation of it
are in fact two
quite different
statements, and the
interpretation
is far more
restrictive than
actually implied by
the postulate
itself.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 11
The Random
Interpretation Is
False
Further, the strong
interpretation can
readily be
falsified. As an
example, the
macroscopic universe
is simply a large
integration
(collection) of
quantum changes. If
these component
quanta occur
totally randomly,
then no integration
of them would yield
the
ordered, macroscopic
world we all live
in, because
integrated
randomness is still
random. Therefore,
since the ordered
macroworld
exists, the present
QM strong
interpretation of
its own statistical
quantum change
postulate is
invalid.
In addition, if
quantum change were
totally random, then
there would
never be any
possibility, a
priori, of
engineering it
deterministically.
Presently, almost
all quantum
physicists believe
that quantum change
cannot be
engineered, on first
principles.
On the other hand,
if hidden order is
admitted, there is
at least
the possibility of
directly engineering
physical quantum
change
itself.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Hidden Variables
Interestingly, the
renowned physicist
David Bohm has shown
that a
hidden variable
theory of quantum
mechanics can
actually be
constructed, whereby
one could
potentially engineer
physical change.
[ref. 33]
It is well-known
that experimental
physics does not in
any manner
refute hidden
variable theories.
Because of the
historical
attachment of
physics to the
theory of the random
variable, such
contrary notions as
chaos (hidden order)
and hidden variables
have
simply been greeted
with suspicion and
shuffled aside. The
usual
objection is Occam's
razor; a theory must
predict something
different, or it is
said to be
unwarranted. [ref.
34]
But based on this
same form of Occam's
overworked razor,
the
Whittaker hidden
variable approach
certainly predicts
many
profoundly different
engineerable effects
and capabilities
that
mandate its full
examination.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Correction of the
Statistical
Postulate
A much better, valid
interpretation of
the quantum change
postulate
is as follows:
"Quantum change is
statistical, and may
contain
hidden order."
The two
interpretations
differ sharply. In
the new and less
restrictive
reinterpretation,
one has three cases
or subsets of QM
as follows:
(1) the subset where
quantum change
contains partial
order,
hence is already
chaotic,
(2) the subset where
the internal order
has vanished,
leaving
the statistics as
Gibbs' random
variable statistics,
and
exhibiting the
present quantum
mechanics without
chaos, and
(3) the subset where
the statistics is
totally
deterministic,
but information on
the variables is
lost.
Page 12
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Remarks On the New
Interpretation
The new
interpretation is
consistent with
Bohm's hidden
variable
theory, and it is
also consistent with
the Schroedinger
equation,
which in the QM
model already
propagates the QM
states forward in
time with absolute
determinism.
It is even possible,
for example, to
deterministically
produce a
Bohm/de Broglie
quantum potential,
according to a
self-targeting
repetitive phase
conjugation
mechanism advanced
by this author.
[ref. 35]
The new
interpretation is
not consistent with
the Copenhagen
interpretation,
which only applies
to the present QM
subset. This
can be seen as
follows: If quantum
change is
engineerable by
Whittaker hidden
variables, then the
inner contents of
the
engineered quantum
change are known.
This knowledge
applies to the
subset where QM
change is engineered
(the new subset),
but not to the
subset where all
variables are
random variables and
hence not subject to
engineering.
Therefore
the Copenhagen
interpretation
applies to the
random quantum
change
subset, but not to
chaotic (partially
ordered) quantum
change
subset.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The New
Interpretation Is
Testable
Happily, the
reinterpretation of
the postulate now
allows a
sufficient
collection of
already-chaotic
quantum changes to
produce
the well-ordered,
macroscopic universe
we all live in.
Also, the
new interpretation
is testable, and it
can be falsified or
verified
in the laboratory.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
THE END RESULT OF
ABBREVIATING
MAXWELL'S THEORY
Effect On EM
In discarding the
scalar component of
the quaternion,
Heaviside and
Gibbs unwittingly
discarded the
unified EM/G portion
of Maxwell's
theory that arises
when the
translational/directional
components of
two interacting
quaternions reduce
to zero, but the
scalar resultant
remains and infolds
a deterministic,
dynamic structure
that is a
function of
oppositive
directional/translational
components.
In the infolding of
EM energy inside a
scalar potential, a
structured scalar
potential results,
almost precisely as
later shown
by Whittaker but
unnoticed by the
scientific
community. The
simple
vector equations
produced by
Heaviside and Gibbs
captured only that
subset of Maxwell's
theory where EM and
gravitation are
mutually
exclusive.
In that subset,
electromagnetic
circuits and
equipment will not
ever, and cannot
ever, produce
gravitational or
inertial effects in
materials and
equipments. Not a
single one of those
Heaviside/Gibbs
equations ever
appeared in a paper
or book by James
Clerk Maxwell,
even though the
severely restricted
Heaviside/Gibbs
interpretation
is universally and
erroneously taught
in all Western
universities as
Maxwell's theory.
Page 13
Effect On GR
As a result of this
artificial
restriction of
Maxwell's theory,
Einstein also
inadvertently
restricted his
theory of general
relativity, forever
preventing the
unification of
electromagnetics
and relativity. He
also essentially
prevented the
present
restricted general
relativity from ever
becoming an
experimental,
engineerable science
on the laboratory
bench, since a
hidden
internalized
electromagnetics
causing a
deterministically
structured
local space-time
curvature was
excluded.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Effect On QM
Quantum mechanics
used only the
Heaviside/Gibbs
externalized
electromagnetics and
completely missed
Maxwell's
internalized and
ordered
electromagnetics
enfolded inside a
structured scalar
potential.
Accordingly, QM
maintained its Gibbs
statistics of
quantum change,
which is non-chaotic
a priori.
Quantum physicists
by and largely
excluded Bohm's
hidden variable
theory, which
conceivably could
have offered the
potential of
engineering quantum
change, engineering
physical reality
itself.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
In Summary
Each of the three
major scientific
disciplines missed
and excluded a
subset of its
disciplinary area,
because it did not
have the scalar
component of the
quaternion to
incorporate.
Further, all of them
completely missed
the significance of
the Whittaker
approach, which
already shows how to
apply and engineer
the very subsets
they had
excluded.
What now exist in
these areas are
three inconsistent
disciplines.
Each of them
unwittingly excluded
a vital part of its
discipline,
which was the
unified field part.
Ironically, then,
present
physicists continue
to exert great
effort to find the
missing key to
unification of the
three disciplines,
but find it
hopeless, because
these special
subsets are already
contradictory to one
another, as
is quite well-known
to foundations
physicists.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
CONCLUSIONS
Obviously, if one
wishes to unify
physics, one must
add back the
unintentionally
excluded, unifying
subsets to each
discipline.
Interestingly, all
three needed subsets
turn out to be one
and the
same, as shown in
Figure 3. So
application of
Whittaker's work to
each one of the
three disciplines
produces the
necessary superset
of
each, and these
three supersets are
unified in and on
the common
added Whittaker
subset.
Page 14
_______________________
| |
| GENERAL |
| RELATIVITY (GR) |
_____________________|_____________________|_____________________
| | | |
| QM | APPLY |
CLASSICAL |
| (MISSING |
WHITTAKER | EM |
| CHAOS) | THEORY |
THEORY |
|____________________|_____________________|____________________|
| |
| MIND AND SUBTLE |
| ENERGY |
|_____________________|
Figure 3. Whittaker
Unification of EM,
GR, and QM.
Also, as shown in
the figure, one gets
an added and
unexpected bonus
of great value:
Mind, thought, and
life occupy time,
and if time is
treated as a real
dimension, then
these are real also.
Since
fundamental units in
which physics is
modeled are
arbitrary, one can
even model physics
in terms of one
unit, time.
In that case,
everything is a time
structure. Since
even physical
reality can be
viewed in this
fashion, it is not
unreasonable to
view mind, thought,
and life as real;
they do after all
occupy time.
However, since they
do not emerge in the
normal external
electromagnetics,
they must lie within
the hidden, internal
electromagnetics
(since the photon
carries both time
and energy,
being a piece of
action).
Without further
development, we
state that the
Whittaker hidden
variable EM
approach, in
allowing the
complete engineering
of the
internal
electromagnetics,
allows the complete
engineering of mind,
thought, and life.
Living systems have
utilized the
internal EM
Whittaker channel
(in and through
atomic nuclear
potentials and area
quantum potentials)
since the beginning.
[ref. 36]
Finally, the
Whittaker
unification linkage
of the three
disciplines
is testable. It is
engineerable. It
works.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTES AND REFERENCES
[1] P. Graneau,
Ampere-Neumann
Electrodynamics of
Metals,
Nonantum,
Massachusetts,
Hadronic Press,
1985. See also P.
Graneau and P.N.
Graneau,
"Electrodynamic
Explosions in
Liquids," Appl.
Phys. Lett., Vol.
46, 1985, p. 468; R.
Azevedo, P. Graneau,
P.N. Graneau, and C.
Millet, "Powerful
Water Plasma
Explosions," Phys.
Lett. Vol. 117,
1986, p.
101.
[2] See Y. Aharonov
and D. Bohm,
"Significance of
Electromagnetic
Potentials in the
Quantum Theory,"
Phys.
Rev. Second Series,
115(3), Aug. 1,
1959, p. 458-491.
This
paper pointed out
the primacy of the
potentials. Instead
of being causative
agents, the force
fields are actually
effects generated in
and of charged
particle systems
from
the potentials. This
is in complete
violation of both
classical
electromagnetics and
classical dynamics,
but it
Page 15
is absolutely
required by quantum
mechanics. For an
extensive discussion
of the Aharonov-Bohm
effect and an
extensive list of
references, see S.
Olariu and I.
Iovitzu
Popescu, "The
Quantum Effects of
Electromagnetic
Fluxes,"
Rev. Mod. Phys.
57(2), Apr. 1985.
[3] See Bertram
Schwarzschild,
"Currents in
normal-metal rings
exhibit
Aharonov-Bohm
Effect," Physics
Today, 39(1), Jan.
1986, p. 17-20 for
confirmation.
[4] James Clerk
Maxwell, A Treatise
on Electricity and
Magnetism, Oxford
University Press,
Oxford, 1873. The
third edition is
published by Dover,
1954.
[5] Maxwell's true
theory of
electromagnetics is
contained in
some 200-odd
quaternion
equations, and is
far more complex
than the gross
vector
simplification
developed by
Heaviside
and Gibbs after
Maxwell's death. For
a cogent argument
about what might
have been discovered
much earlier in
physics if
quaternions had not
been cast aside, see
James
D. Edmonds, Jr.,
"Quaternion Quantum
Theory: New Physics
or
Number Mysticism?",
Am. J. Phys., 42(3),
Mar. 1974, p. 220-
223. Just how much
more powerful was
Maxwell's
quaternionic
expression of EM
theory than was
Heaviside's
(i.e., the modern)
vector
interpretation, was
succinctly
expressed by Josephs
as follows:
"Hamilton's algebra
of
quaternions, unlike
Heaviside's algebra
of vectors, is not
a mere abbreviated
mode of expressing
Cartesian analysis,
but is an
independent branch
of mathematics with
its own
rules of operation
and its own special
theorems. A
quaternion is, in
fact, a generalized
or hypercomplex
number..." (H.J.
Josephs, "The
Heaviside Papers
Found at
Paignton in 1957,"
Electromagnetic
Theory by Oliver
Heaviside, Including
an account of
Heaviside's
unpublished
notes for a fourth
volume, and with a
foreword by Sir
Edmund Whittaker,
Vol. III, Third
Edition, Chelsea
Publishing Co., New
York, 1971, p. 660.)
[6] See E.T.
Whittaker, "On the
Partial Differential
Equations
of Mathematical
Physics," Math.
Ann., Vol. 57, 1903,
p.
333-355; "On an
Expression of the
Electromagnetic
Field Due
to Electrons by
Means of Two Scalar
Potential
Functions,"
Proc. Lond. Math.
Soc., Series 2, Vol.
1, 1904, p. 367-372.
[7] In the modern
view, it is trapped
energy that is
gravitational, mass
being viewed as
simply such trapped
energy. We point out
that Einstein's
formula E = mc^2
actually is an
expression for mass
in terms of its
trapped
EM energy. Thus we
extend the modern
view by stating
that,
to first order,
Newtonian
gravitational
attraction is due
to the attraction of
spatially entrapped
electromagnetic
energy. Since the
electromagnetic
scalar potentials
represent just such
spatially entrapped
EM energy, then
they hold a special
significance
gravitationally.
[8] This assertion
can be tested. At
the nodal points of
the
standing potential
wave, the rate of
flow of time is
normal. At nonzero
points along the
wave, however, the
local rate of flow
of local time varies
from normal. After
a proper-time
interval for the
observer at the
nodal point,
Page 16
normal clocks and
watches at different
non-nodal points
along the wave will
appreciably vary in
their time reading.
Initially
synchronized clocks
will thus be found
to
disagree, if placed
in different
positions in the
Whittaker
wave and allowed to
remain for a test
period. In the past,
various inventors
have anecdotally
demonstrated this
effect. As an
example, see David
Jones, Vancouver Sun
Times, Dec. 17,
1977, p. 17.
[9] V.K. Ignatovich,
"The Remarkable
Capabilities of
Recursive
Relations," Am. J.
Phys., 57(10), Oct.
1989, p. 873-878.
[10] Richard W.
Ziolkowski,
"Localized
transmission of wave
energy," Proc. SPIE,
Vol. 1061, Microwave
and Particle Beam
Sources and Directed
Energy Concepts,
Jan. 1989, p.
396-397.
[11] An acoustic
missile is
essentially a slug
of acoustic energy
that holds together
as it travels,
striking and
damaging or
destroying a target.
An electromagnetic
missile is a slug
of EM energy that
holds together as it
travels to a target
and strikes it.
[12] A.D. Sakharov,
"Vacuum Quantum
Fluctuations in
Curved Space
and the Theory of
Gravitation," Sov.
Phys. Dokl., Vol.
12,
1968, p. 1040. See
also the related
discussion in
Misner,
Thorne and Wheeler,
Gravitation, 1973,
p. 426.
[13] Note that this
assigns an internal
structure to a
gravitational
potential.
[14] A.D. Sakharov,
Theor. Math. Phys.,
Vol. 23, 1975, p.
435.
[15] K. Akama et al,
Prog. Theor. Phys.,
Vol. 60, 1978, p.
868.
[16] B. Hasslacher
and E. Mottolo,
Phys. Lett., Vol.
95B, 1980,
p. 237.
[17] A. Zee, Phys.
Rev. Lett., Vol. 42,
1979, p. 417.
[18] D. Amati and G.
Veneziano, Phys.
Lett., Vol. 105B,
1981, p.
358; S. Yoshimoto,
Prog. Theor. Phys.,
Vol. 78, 1987, p.
435.
[19] S. Adler, Rev.
Mod. Phys., Vol. 54,
1982, p. 729.
[20] H.E. Puthoff,
"Ground State of
Hydrogen as a
Zero-Point-
Fluctuation-Determined
State," Phys. Rev.
D, 35(10), May 15,
1987, p. 3266-3269.
[21] H.E. Puthoff,
"Gravity as a
Zero-Point-Fluctuation
Force,"
Phys. Rev. A.,
39(5), Mar. 1, 1989,
p. 2333-2342. See
also
H.E. Puthoff,
"Source of Vacuum
electromagnetic
Zero-Point
Energy," Phys. Rev.
A., 40(9), Nov. 1,
1989, p. 4857-4862.
Changing the vacuum
potential
constitutes a
fluctuation
directly in and of
the zero-point
energy of vacuum,
and
hence, by Puthoff's
mechanism, it does
indeed induce a
gravitational
effect. At the level
of the vacuum
virtual
particle flux
exchange with the
charged nucleus,
producing
Page 17
an electromagnetic
change also produces
a gravitational
change, and
vice-versa.
[22] Puthoff, Phys.
Rev. D., 35(10), May
15, 1987, p.
3266-3269.
[23] Nikola Tesla,
Colorado Springs
Notes 1899-1900,
Nolit,
Belgrade,
Yugoslavia, 1978, p.
61-62.
[24] E.T. Whittaker,
"On an Expression of
the Electromagnetic
Field Due to
Electrons by Means
of Two Scalar
Potential
Functions," Proc.
Lond. Math. Soc.,
Series 2, Vol. 1,
1904, p. 367-372.
[25] The potential
for weaponization of
the Whittaker work
should
be obvious.
[26] Toward the end
of his life
Heaviside lived as a
recluse in a
small garret
apartment, and may
have returned again
to his
struggle with
quaternions. In the
1950's handwritten
notes
of a theory of
gravitation, written
in quaternion
mathematics, were
found beneath the
floor boards of his
tiny
study.
[27] T.E. Bearden,
"Maxwell's Original
Quaternion Theory
Was a
Unified Field Theory
of Electromagnetics
and
Electrogravitation,"
Proceedings,
International Tesla
Society Symposium,
Colorado Springs,
Colorado, July 1988.
See also T.E.
Bearden, "Maxwell's
Lost Unified Field
Theory
of Electromagnetics
and Gravitation,"
Proceedings, PACE
Third International
New Energy
Technology
Symposium, June
25-28, 1988 at
Maison du Citoyen,
Hull (Ottawa),
Canada,
1988.
[28] See Floyd Sweet
and T.E. Bearden,
"Utilizing Scalar
Electromagnetics to
Tap Vacuum Energy,"
Proceedings, this
conference.
[29] Ironically,
Einstein then spent
the remainder of his
life,
desperately trying
to unify
electromagnetics and
gravitation
in his theory of
general relativity,
never realizing that
his own
overstatement of his
"flat local
space-time"
postulate precluded
his success and
foredoomed all his
efforts to failure.
[30] To appreciate
just what can
actually be done
with local
space-time
curvature, see E.B.
Smetanin,
"Electromagnetic
Field in a Space
With Curvature - New
Solutions," Sov.
Phys.
J., 25(2), Feb.
1982, p. 107-111.
[31] For a detailed
exposition of the
scientific
suppression used
to uphold the
present GR, written
by an inside
scientist of
excellent ability,
and one with over
100 published papers
in
the literature, see
Rugero Maria
Santilli, Ethical
Probe on
Einstein's Followers
in the USA: An
Insider's View,
Alpha
Publishing, POB 82,
Newtonville, MA
02160, 1984.
[32] For a
discussion of the
missing chaos in
quantum mechanics,
see Robert Pool,
"Quantum Chaos:
Enigma Wrapped in a
Mystery," Science,
243(4893), Feb. 17,
1989, p. 893-895.
Page 18
For a more technical
discussion see P.V.
Elyutin, "The
Quantum Chaos
Problem," Sov. Phys.
Usp. 31(7), July
1988,
p. 597-622.
[33] For an entry
point into the
literature of hidden
variable
theory, see Quantum
Implications: Essays
in Honour of David
Bohm, B. J. Hiley
and F. David Peat,
Eds., Routledge &
Kegan Paul, London &
New York, 1987.
[34] However, even
if it predicts
something new and is
warranted,
it still may not be
adopted. An example
is the continuing
reluctance of
physicists to
reformulate EM
theory, stressing
the primacy of the
potential and the
fact that not the
force
field but only the
potential for the
force field exists
in
the vacuum. Even
more so, it is
well-known that
detection
is actually binary,
and we throw away
precisely half of
almost every
detection our
instruments make.
C.f. Richard
Kidd et al,
"Evolution of the
Modern Photon," Am.
J. Phys.,
57(1), Jan. 1989, p.
27-35. Generally in
every
electromagnetic
interaction of our
instruments, two
photons
are produced: one a
time-forward photon,
and the other a
time-reversed
photon. Our
detectors
essentially measure
the
time-forward photon
half, not the
time-reversed photon
(antiphoton) half.
The antiphoton half
produces a slight
recoil force
(Newton's third law
reaction force) in
the mass
(nuclei) of the
instrument, which we
ignore. Also, we
continue to ignore
the evidence that
the photon and
antiphoton are not
identical. In a
pumped phase
conjugate
mirror, for example,
the emission of a
normal photon from
the mirror material
results in a recoil
of the mirror; the
emission of an
antiphoton by the
mirror material,
however,
does not result in
recoil of the
mirror. Physics is
still
not consistent, as
is well-known to
foundations
researchers,
but this fact is
generally not
accented to
university
students.
[35] Bearden,
Gravitobiology,
Tesla Book Co.,
1991, p. 33-36.
The mechanism was
previously advanced
in several
miscellaneous papers
and in private
correspondence.
[36] See Bearden,
Gravitobiology,
Tesla Book Co., for
additional
development of
biological effects
and mechanisms of
scalar
EM.
*******************
End of paper
*******************
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February 22, 1992
SWEET2.ASC
--------------------------------------------------------------------
This file shared
with KeelyNet
courtesy of Guy
Resh.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Hello,
I just received in
ASCII form the two
papers by Mr. Tom E.
Bearden
which appeared in
the Proceedings of
the 26th
Intersociety Energy
Conversion
Engineering
Conference, August
4-9, 1991, Boston,
Massachusetts. They
can be found in
volume 4 in the
section
entitled 'Advanced
Energy Concepts'.
The titles are :
"Utilizing Scalar
Electromagnetics to
Tap Vacuum Energy"
by Floyd Sweet and
Tom E. Bearden (pp.
370-375)
(listed as
SWEET1.ASC on
KeelyNet)
and
"On a Testable
Unification of
Electromagnetics,
General Relativity,
and Quantum
Mechanics"
by Tom E. Bearden
and Walter Rosenthal
(pp. 487-492)
(listed as
SWEET2.ASC on
KeelyNet)
Except for the
unsupported
conjectures dealing
with mind, thought
and life, which
bring his results
almost into the
metaphysical
realm, I find these
papers to be very
intriguing and
compelling.
Thus, with the
permission of Mr.
Bearden, I am
posting them to
sci.physics and
alt.sci.physics.new-theories.
(I'll start with the
paper "On a Testable
Unification of
Electromagnetics,
General
Relativity, and
Quantum Mechanics".)
As you can see in
the "Followup-To:"
line, I would like
to see
discussion appear in
alt.sci.physics.new-theories,
since that is the
most appropriate
place for
discussion. If your
site does not
receive a.s.p.n.,
then let me know,
and I can send you
summaries of
whatever discussion
follows (hopefully a
lot). Of course, if
your
site doesn't receive
a.s.p.n, then ask
your sysadmin if it
would be
possible to receive
it.
BTW, Mr. Bearden is
not (yet) on the
net, but he has
agreed to let
me be a go-between,
and I'll try to post
his comments on
whatever
discussion ensues. I
encourage everybody
to find Whittaker's
two
papers and Maxwell's
original treatise on
electromagnetic
theory
(see the papers for
the exact citations)
and to read them
carefully.
I hope you find
these papers as
intriguing as I
have. If nothing
else, it will help
you to firm up your
foundation of
physics.
Page 1
Please, let's keep
an open, yet
critical mind, and
let's not allow
the discussion to
develop into a flame
war.
Jon Noring
(As soon as I have
time, I'll post Mr.
Bearden's other
paper. They
came to me in Word
5.0 format, so I've
had to do some
editing).
====================================================================
| Jon Noring |
noring@netcom.netcom.com
|"The dogs bark,
but|
| JKN International
| IP :
192.100.81.100 | the
caravan moves |
| 1312 Carlton
Place| Phone : (510)
294-8153 | caravan
moves on."|
| Livermore,CA
94550| V-Mail: (510)
862-1101 |"Pack your
lunch, |
| | sit in the
bushes,|
| | and watch." |
====================================================================
"If you make $50,000
today, you have the
same buying power as
the
average coal miner
did in 1949,
adjusted for taxes
and inflation,"
John Sestina,
nationally
recognized Certified
Financial Planner;
quoted in 1987.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
UTILIZING SCALAR
ELECTROMAGNETICS TO
TAP VACUUM ENERGY
Floyd Sweet
Association of
Distinguished
American Scientists
2311 Big Cove Road
Huntsville, Alabama
358010
T. E. Bearden
Association of
Distinguished
American Scientists
2311 Big Cove Road
Huntsville, Alabama
35801
ABSTRACT
Based on E.T.
Whittaker's
previously unnoticed
1903-1904 papers
which established a
hidden bidirectional
EM wave structure in
a
standing forcefield
free scalar
potential, a method
of directly
engineering the
ambient potential of
the vacuum has been
developed
and realized
experimentally.
Adding Whittaker's
engineerable hidden
variable theory to
classical
electro-magnetics,
quantum mechanics,
and general
relativity
produces supersets
of each discipline.
These supersets are
joined
by the common
Whittaker subset,
producing a unified
field theory
that is engineerable
and tested.
By treating the
nucleus of the atom
as a pumped phase
conjugate
mirror, several
working model energy
units have been
produced which
excite and organize
the local vacuum,
increase the local
virtual
photon flux between
local vacuum and
nucleus, establish
coherent
self-oscillations
between the local
excited vacuum and
the affected
nuclei, utilize the
self-oscillating
standing wave for
self-pumping
of the
nuclei/mirrors,
introduce a very
tiny signal wave to
the
mirrors, and output
into an external
load circuit a
powerful,
amplified,
time-reversed phase
conjugate replica
wave at 60 Hertz
frequency and
nominal 120 volt
sine wave power.
Page 2
Several models have
been built, ranging
from 6 watts early
on to one
of 5 kilowatts. Both
closed batteryless
systems with damped
positive feedback
and open loop
systems with
battery-powered
input
have been
successfully built.
Open loop power
gains of from 5 x
104
to 1.5 x 106 have
been achieved.
Antigravity
experiments have
also been
successfully
conducted where
the weight of the
unit was reduced by
90% in controlled
experiments,
with a signal wave
input of 175
microwatts and an
output of 1
kilowatt.
The basic theory of
the device is
briefly explained
and experimental
results presented.
In the demonstration
session, a videotape
of one
operating open-loop
unit with a 1.5 x
106 power gain is
planned, as
is the demonstration
of an actual working
model closed-loop
system
with a nominal
rating of 500 watts,
and without external
power input
of any kind.
The units are solid
state, with no
moving parts. Each
of them
comprises a unique
form of self-powered
vacuum triode of
extraordinary gain,
where the cathode
power and plate
power are
freely furnished by
the vacuum, and only
a small grid signal
need be
furnished either
from an external
power source or by
clamped
positive feedback
from the device's
output. The output
is negative
energy, and some of
its unique
characteristics are
pointed out.
Implications of the
experimental
application of the
Sweet vacuum
triode, the Bearden
approach to the
nucleus as a pumped
phase
conjugate mirror,
and the unified
field theory based
on Whittaker's
engineerable hidden
variable scalar EM
potential theory are
also
briefly addressed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE
This paper has been
prepared by Bearden,
the second author
listed,
hereinafter called
"the author", with
full concurrence of
the
inventor of the
vacuum triode,
inventor and
magnetics engineer
Sweet, the first
author listed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
SCALAR
ELECTROMAGNETICS
In 1837 Sir W.R.
Hamilton said,
"The notion of time
may be unfolded into
an independent pure
science... a science
of pure time is
possible."
As is well-known,
the fundamental
units utilized in
physics are
arbitrary. It is
even possible to
construct all of
physics on a
single unit, time.
This oddity shows
the truth in
Hamilton's
statement; it is
even more odd,
because quantum
mechanically time is
not an observable.
This means that the
observable world can
be
modeled completely
in terms of the
nonobservable, which
is
essentially what
modern quantum
mechanics is now
doing.
Hamilton viewed his
magnificent
quaternions as
essentially having
accomplished the
mathematical
structuring of time.
Maxwell's
original EM theory,
as is well-known,
was modeled in
Hamilton's
quaternions, not in
the highly curtailed
Heaviside/Hertz
vectors
erroneously taught
today as "Maxwell's
theory."
Page 3
Not a single one of
the present
so-called
"Maxwell's" vector
equations ever
appeared in a book
or paper by James
Clerk Maxwell.
For some years the
author has worked on
an extended
electromagnetics
theory, involving
the scalar component
of the quaternion.
[ref. 1]
In Maxwell's
original quaternion
theory, this scalar
component often
remains when the
directional
components zero.
Further, it then
enfolds vectors and
functions of vectors
inside, in a hidden
variable manner.
Specifically, the
author has patterned
a unified
field theory concept
upon the previously
unnoticed but
remarkable
early work of E.T.
Whittaker. [ref. 2]
In two fundamental
papers in 1903 and
1904, Whittaker
showed that
all present vector
EM can be replaced
by scalar potential
interferometry, and
that bidirectional
harmonic EM plane
wave sets
could be used to
produce a standing
wave of
force-field-free
potential (Figures 1
and 2).
Thus Whittaker
anticipated the
quantum
| phi(x)
|
|
|
|
| Potential
| + +
| + + <----
Organized Local
Space-Time
| + + Curvature
| + EM +
| + Substructure +
| + +
| + +
|+_______________________________+_______________________________+__
+ +
X --> + EM +
+ Substructure +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Figure 1.
Cross-section of
Whittaker spherical
EM potential wave.
mechanical
Aharonov/Bohm effect
by 55 years,
including extending
it
to the macroscopic
world instead of the
mesoscopic realm
where it
has been established
to date. [ref. 3]
In modern terms,
Whittaker showed how
to turn EM wave
energy into
electrogravitational
potential energy,
then how to
interfere two
such scalar
potential waves to
recover
electromagnetic
energy, even
at a distance. [ref.
4]
This unrecognized
work is of great
importance: when
applied to
modern physics, it
produces supersets
of quantum mechanics
(QM),
classical
electromagnetics
(EM), and general
relativity (GR).
Page 4
Further, all three
extended disciplines
unify on their
common
Whittaker subset, in
a testable and
engineerable
fashion. [ref. 5]
********************************************************************
[This figure could
not be effectively
depicted in ASCII.
See the
original paper]
Figure 2. Infolded
EM plane wave
structure of a
Whittaker wave.
********************************************************************
The Nucleus As a
PPCM and Triode
The author has also
considered the
highly nonlinear
nucleus of the
atom as a pumped
phase conjugate
mirror (PPCM),
having found no
other consideration
of same in the
literature.
The author also
dubbed a PPCM a
"triode," since the
amplified phase
conjugate replica of
the signal wave is
much like the
amplified
output of a triode,
and the signal wave
input to a PPCM is
much like
a triode's grid
signal input. The
PPCM pump wave then
corresponds
roughly to the power
input to the cathode
and plate of a
triode.
[ref. 6]
Figure 3
diagrammatically
shows the PPCM with
correspondence to a
triode. [Referring
to figure 3]
Up to all the power
in the pump waves A1
and A2 may be output
in
phase conjugate
replica wave A3 in
response to a small
signal wave
input A1.
********************************************************************
[This figure could
not be effectively
depicted in ASCII.
See the
original paper]
Figure 3. A pumped
phase conjugate
mirror.
********************************************************************
VACUUM TRIODE
BACKGROUND
About seven years
ago, the author was
privileged to see
and examine
an invention of Mr.
Floyd Sweet, that
produced about 6
watts of
electrical power
from the vacuum
itself.
This remarkable
device, which the
author dubbed a
vacuum triode, in
a single unit
utilized most of the
scalar EM concepts
the author had
so painfully and
slowly formulated
over the years.
Sweet, a brilliant
inventor with a
remarkable knowledge
of
magnetics, had
utilized barium
ferrite magnets and
special coils to
produce a
solid-state device
that successfully
tapped the vacuum
energy.
The author quickly
put together a
theoretical concept
for the
energy-tapping
mechanism, based on
treatment of the
nucleus as a
PPCM and Whittaker's
scalar EM potential
unified field
theory. [ref.
7]
The author furnished
the technical
concept, treating
the nucleus as
a pumped phase
conjugate mirror, to
the inventor along
with copies
of Whittaker's
papers.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 5
Sweet's Synthesis
and Extension
Sweet is also a
brilliant EM
theoretician,
working in four,
five, or
even six dimensions
with ease. He
immediately
synthesized the
entire PPCM and
Whittaker theory,
and developed a
complete
theoretical
treatment of the
device. [ref. 8]
He also increased
the nuclear
potential utilized
in the activated
nuclei of the
device, which
increased the
pumping energy and
hence
the energy output.
He next produced an
open-loop vacuum
triode (VT)
with an output of
500 watts, for an
input of 33
microwatts.
Thereafter he
produced several
other models,
including
closed-loop
systems and one with
5-KW output.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Purpose of This
Paper
Our purpose is to
explain the detailed
scalar EM concept of
the
operation of the
vacuum triode, since
it is a universal
method for
cohering and tapping
useful EM energy
from the vacuum.
The author believes
that this mechanism
is the fundamental
mechanism
that must be invoked
in any over-unity
device that
electromagnetically
extracts vacuum
energy as
electromagnetic
effects.
We also intend to
demonstrate a full
working model of the
device at
this conference.
Sweet's detailed
theoretical
treatment will be
completed and
submitted to a major
journal shortly, to
complete the
scientific
exposition of the
new methodology.
I must also express
my deep admiration
for my brilliant
inventor
colleague. It has
been a privilege to
work with him,
though under
great difficulties
and at a distance.
He has developed
several
other related
devices that are of
great importance to
the emerging
new physics of
vacuum engineering,
in the sense
referred to by Lee.
[ref. 9]
To mention just one,
he has produced a
magnetic lens which
apparently can
directly display the
vacuum's virtual
particle flux,
or a good analog of
it. So far as I am
aware, this is the
only
extant instrument
today that can
perform this feat.
When the vacuum
triode has been
proven to the
scientific
community,
it is my intention
to nominate Sweet
for the Nobel Prize
he so
richly deserves, and
seek high scientific
endorsements for the
recommendation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTRODUCTION
Entropy
As is well known, in
any closed dynamic
system the order
existing in
it will gradually be
dissipated, as more
and more
interactions
occur. This leads to
the notion of
entropy as the
increasing
disorder in such
systems. The
assumptions are
(1) a closed system,
and
(2) a positive flow
of time for the
components of the
system.
Page 6
Actually no such
thing as a
completely closed
system exists in
nature. Every mass
system is open to
virtual particle
flux exchange
with the vacuum, for
example,
particularly in the
nucleus of its
atoms, where the
bulk of its mass is
located.
However, the closed
system assumption is
reasonably
approximated by
a great many systems
which are in stable
thermodynamic
equilibrium,
or nearly so.
On the other hand,
in an open system
far from
thermodynamic
equilibrium, the
second law of
thermodynamics does
not necessarily
apply, because the
system violates both
the closed system
assumption
and its equilibrium
approximation. [ref.
10]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Time Reversal
Since being
discovered in 1972
in the open Soviet
literature, the
time-reversed (phase
conjugate) EM wave
has also been known.
The
phase conjugate EM
wave is truly
time-reversed, as
has been shown
experimentally.
Since the
time-reversed EM
wave violates the
second
major assumption,
the second law of
thermodynamics need
not
necessarily hold for
time-reversed
entities.
Putting all this
together, if one
wishes negentropy
and hence
increased energy in
a system, the
candidate suggested
would appear
to be a system that
was strongly
(1) open loop,
(2) time-reversed,
and
(3) far from
thermodynamic
equilibrium.
A good overview of
time-reversal in
physics has been
provided by
Sachs. [ref. 11]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Engineering the
Nucleus
Since the nucleus
already provides a
myriad of
time-reversed
processes,
engineering the
nucleus of an atom
is a very good
candidate for
practical
negentropy.
To engineer the
nucleus directly, a
Whittaker potential
is first
artificially
constructed, by
composing a harmonic
set of phase-
locked EM
wave/antiwave pairs.
It is accented that
the antiwaves
must be true phase
conjugates;
otherwise they will
not constitute a
gradient-free
Whittaker standing
potential wave.
In addition, at
least one harmonic
interval must be
used, and
additional harmonic
sets are most
desirable. The
reason is that a
space-time lattice
must be formed in
the vacuum, where
the energy is
additive spatially
but oppositive in
t-dot, the rate of
flow of
time, in the fourth
dimension.
So a time-structure
is required as well
as a spatial
structure,
which is what is
provided by n
bidirectional
harmonic Whittaker
EM
wave sets, where n
is an integer
greater than 1.
Once a specific
Whittaker structure
has been chosen, the
local
lattice of
space-time is
established. This
establishes
phase-locked
lattice groupings of
coupled
photon/antiphoton
pairs, or of
Page 7
gravitons. In turn,
this
Whittaker-structured
vacuum now contains
specific graviton
vacuum engines,
which directly
engineer and
structure the
vacuum's virtual
particle flux (VPF)
exchange with the
nucleus. [ref. 12]
The nucleus is
highly nonlinear,
hence strongly phase
conjugative,
or time-reversed.
The ambient
potential of the
local vacuum
surrounding the
nucleus is in a
violent virtual
photon exchange with
it, accounting for
its electrical
charge.
Since the
preponderant charge
is positive, from
the viewpoint of the
ordinary light
observer whose light
interacts with
electron shells,
the nucleus may be
taken to exhibit
time reversal (phase
conjugation).
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Energy, Time, and
Gravitons
We take the
definition of
"energy" to be
fundamentally an
ordering
imposed upon the VPF
of vacuum. We take
photon scattering
from the
electron shells of
atoms to be the
fundamental exterior
mechanism
producing forward
flow of external
observer time.
It then follows that
"time's arrow" for
the EM observer is
due to
the universal
scattering of
photons from
electron shells.
In this view,
forward (positive)
time flow and
entropy are due to
the same primary
action: photon
scattering from
electron shells. It
is unfortunate that
the concept of
"positive" energy
has been tied
to, and defined in
terms of, the
scattering and
dissipation of VPF
order as work, or
energy expended.
Via the standard
labeling, then,
negative energy is
the
reconstitution of
order in the vacuum
VPF. It should be
noted that,
in a PPCM,
dissipative or
external pump wave
stress energy can be
scavenged and
re-emitted in
perfect order as the
phase conjugate
replica. This is a
negentropic process,
for it is capable of
turning disorder
into order. [ref.
13]
In the time-reversed
PPCM nucleus, we
should expect to see
appreciable negative
energy, that is,
energy removed from
the EM
scattering domain.
This includes the
binding energy of
the nucleus,
and the
gravitational (G)
potential energy of
the EM energy
removed
from the "scattering
interaction realm"
and locked into the
mass.
Following Sakharov,
we hold that the
G-field is not a
fundamental
field of nature, but
a composite caused
by, or made from,
other
fields. [ref. 14]
To the first order,
we assume the
G-potential is
comprised of
coupled
photon/antiphoton
pairs, on the
average, where the
statistical coupled
spin-2
photon/antiphoton
pair is a graviton.
[ref. 15]
We follow the modern
view of the field:
because of vacuum
fluctuations,
rigorously one no
longer speaks of
"the" field, but of
the probability of a
particular field
configuration. [ref.
16]
We also hold the
vacuum to be
composed of
potentials, and
regard the
three terms
space-time, vacuum,
and scalar potential
as essentially
synonymous.
Page 8
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Newton's Third Law
and the Detection
Process
The VPF EM stress of
the local vacuum
immediately
surrounding the
nucleus may be
decomposed a la
Whittaker into
opposing
bidirectional
EM plane
waves/forces. Thus
the nonlinear
nucleus may be
regarded
as a pumped phase
conjugate mirror,
normally with a gain
of one.
In this view,
Newton's third law
reaction force is
generated because
the so-called
"photon" interaction
with an atom is in
fact a
graviton reaction
involving a
photon/antiphoton
pair that is
decoupled.
The decoupled photon
normally is absorbed
and reradiated by an
orbital electron,
while the decoupled
antiphoton interacts
with the
nucleus, producing a
time-reversed twin
of the external
force, or,
in other words,
Newton's third law
reaction force,
which gives a
slight recoil of the
nucleus.
Half of every
measurement
physicists normally
make is discarded,
with the missing
half accounting only
for Newtonian
reaction in the
meter or instrument,
which is usually
ignored.
The fact that half
of our measurement
interactions are
ignored is
occasionally
discovered and noted
by physicists, who
may even write
a paper pointing it
out, but no change
is instituted in the
foundations. [ref.
17 and 18]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Semiconducting
Vacuum and
Self-Oscillation
The vacuum
immediately
surrounding the
nucleus is
structured by the
nucleus, and is
itself nonlinear and
capable of acting as
a
semiconductor. [ref.
19]
Since both this
immediately local
semiconductor vacuum
and the
nucleus it surrounds
are highly
nonlinear, then
nonlinear resonance
can conceivably be
established between
them.
Further, since the
resonating system in
such case is an open
system
away from
thermodynamic
equilibrium, the
oscillation can be
self-
sustaining. Such
self-oscillation of
the pumping of a PCM
is
already well-known
in the nonlinear
optical literature,
particularly
with compounds
containing barium.
[ref. 20]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
THE VACUUM TRIODE
The Basic Concept
As is well-known, a
stress can be
decomposed into
opposing sets of
forces. But quantum
mechanically, the
forces we are
interested in
with our work here
are all caused
electromagnetically,
by the
exchange of virtual
photons. Even
mechanical force,
according to
QM, is caused in
this manner. Thus
opposing
electromagnetic or
mechanical "stress"
sets of
bidirectional EM
forces are
microscopically
equivalent to the
notion of pump waves
in nonlinear
optics.
Hence under the
proper conditions,
it follows that
trapped EM stress
energy of the vacuum
can be utilized to
"pump" the nucleus.
Page 9
Treating the
stress-pumped
nonlinear nucleus as
a PPCM, it follows
that the stress
energy of the vacuum
can be tapped by a
4-wave
mixing mechanism in
the atomic nucleus,
to provide amplified
phase
conjugate EM wave
outputs from the
atom in response to
small signal
wave inputs. [21]
In the proper
nonlinear material,
the material may act
as a PPCM, in
which case there
exists a suitable
connection between
the material's
atomic nuclei and
its external
electromagnetic
lattice bonds, and
the amplified phase
conjugate replica
wave generated in
the nucleus
will be emitted from
the material as an
EM wave field. This
field
can then be tapped
by suitable means
and output to an
external load
circuit.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Block Diagram of the
Vacuum Triode
Figure 4 shows a
basic block diagram
of the vacuum triode
process,
utilized by Sweet in
several laboratory
vacuum energy
devices.
These devices have
ranged from a
nominal 500 watt
output in a 6-lb.
device to 5
kilowatts for a
heavier unit. Gains
have ranged from
50,000 to 1,500,000
for open-loop
systems. Both
open-loop and
closed-loop systems
have been built and
tested.
Figure 4 shows a
combined block
diagram for either a
closed-loop or
open-loop system. In
the open-loop
system, a barium
ferrite
magnetic material is
used as a pumped
phase conjugate
mirror.
In the "standard"
design, two opposing
PPCMs are used. The
advantage of this
dual combination is
the use of
self-targeting
(repetitive phase
conjugation, signal
by signal). This has
the
effect of
(1) stabilizing the
Whittaker field, and
(2) producing a
quantum potential
between the two
mirrors, so
the mirrors and the
Whittaker potential
between them are
essentially one
single space-time
entity.
Discussion of a
quantum potential is
beyond the scope of
this paper,
but the technical
mechanism for
creating one has
been previously
presented by the
author on several
occasions. [ref. 22]
First we will
explain the
open-loop operation
of the vacuum
triode.
In Figure 4, on the
right an external 60
Hz, nominal 10 volt
AC sine
wave of several tens
of microwatts in
power is input into
the
stabilized field of
the barium ferrite
magnet structure,
where it
modulates the field,
producing a signal
wave input into the
atoms of
the material.
In the top right
block, the EM signal
wave interacts with
the
electron shell of an
atom, which in turn
is EM-coupled to the
nucleus.
********************************************************************
[This figure could
not be effectively
depicted in ASCII.
See the
original paper]
Figure 4. The Vacuum
Triode Concept.
********************************************************************
Thus an EM signal
wave is input to the
nucleus of the atom,
which is
highly nonlinear
(middle top block).
Earlier, Sweet had
Page 10
specifically
conditioned the
atomic nuclei with a
proprietary
process, wherein in
the barium nucleus a
trapped 60 Hz scalar
EM
spherical wave
resonance
(self-oscillation)
exists between the
structured
semiconductor vacuum
immediately
surrounding the Ba
nucleus.
In the same
activation process,
the ambient
potential of the
surrounding vacuum
was raised and
stabilized, in the
two leftmost
blocks.
At this point the
nonlinear nucleus is
effectively
self-pumped by
the trapped,
excited, spherical
scalar wave
oscillation between
the
structured
semiconductor vacuum
and the nucleus. The
nucleus is now
a strongly pumped
phase conjugate
mirror.
Consequently, when
the signal wave
input arrives, the
PPCM nucleus
emits an amplified
phase conjugate
replica (PCR) wave,
which
precisely backtracks
the input signal
wave. This precise
backtracking
(perfect
retroreflection) is
referred to as the
"distortion
correction theorem."
In short, the
powerful PCR wave
returns precisely
toward the
external source,
passing through the
electron shells and
arriving in
the perturbed barium
ferrite magnet
assembly field,
where it
perturbs the field.
A transformer-like
system then extracts
this magnetic field
perturbation and
conducts it to the
external load
circuit.
However, the PCR
contains negative
energy. Short of the
load, the
internal circuits
run cool, rather
than heating. This
is a
signature of a true
vacuum energy
tapping device.
Indeed, if the
output leads of the
Sweet vacuum triode
are
physically shorted
together, a
brilliant flash
occurs, and the
leads instantly ice
as if dipped in
liquid oxygen. This
is another
signature of the
true negentropic
over-unity vacuum
tap.
Note that the energy
extracted from the
semiconducting
vacuum
adjacent to the
nucleus is just
instantly replaced
by the
surrounding vacuum's
inexhaustible energy
pool. This is an
open-
loop system, with a
hidden energy
source: the intense
virtual
particle flux of the
vacuum's ambient
charge.
It is not possible
to exhaust that
flux, which is often
calculated
to have an energy
density of some
10^100 or more grams
per cm^3, if
the energy were
cohered and
condensed into mass.
As can be seen, even
a VT gain of 1.5 x
10^6 represents a
"vacuum
tap" of an
incredibly small
efficiency, on the
order of 10^-100 or
so. However, the
vacuum "river" is so
energetic that such
efficiencies are
quite sufficient.
We accent that the
barium ferrite
magnetic material
must be
activated so that
stable
self-oscillation
between the barium
nucleus
and the surrounding
semiconductor vacuum
exists. Although
self-
oscillating/self-pumped
PCMs are known at
optical frequencies,
Sweet
has discovered and
perfected a
brilliant
methodology for
activating
PPCM nuclei at ELF
frequencies.
Page 11
In a resistive load
such as light bulbs,
the resistive
material
accomplishes
repetitive phase
conjugation. Thus in
the resistor,
half the total
energy is expressed
as photon or
dissipative energy
in the external
(electron shell)
level.
As the excited
electrons decay,
they emit scattered
EM energy as
light and heat. This
is an exothermic
interaction. The
other half
of the total energy
reacts in the atomic
nuclei, as a phase
conjugative or
endothermic
interaction.
We strongly accent
that,
Whittaker-wise,
there are two
electromagnetic
channels and two
kinds of EM:
(1) external EM, the
common
electron-shell
interacting,
entropic,
scattering,
time-forward kind,
and
(2) the internal,
unsuspected, hidden
variable, nuclei
interacting,
negentropic,
reordering/convergent
kind.
Internal EM travels
strictly between
atomic nuclei,
normally not
reacting with
electron shells
unless a pumped
phase conjugate
mirror
reaction is invoked
in the nucleus to
produce a gain
somewhat
greater than unity.
Thus if we wish to
communicate with
atomic nuclei
directly, and
engineer them
directly, we must
utilize the internal
EM channel via
applied Whittaker
methods.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Antigravity Tests
Inherent in the
preceding
discussions is the
possibility to turn
EM
energy into
gravitational energy
of either sign. In
other words,
one should be able
to utilize Sweet's
vacuum triode to
produce and
demonstrate
antigravity.
Indeed this is the
case. Sweet has also
discovered the
special
alterations
necessary to perform
straightforward
transformation of
the internal energy
in the nucleus to
antigravitational
energy,
producing a
unilateral thrust
upward.
Note that the bulk
of G-potential
gradient
(G-force-field)
occurs
Whittaker-wise at
ELF frequencies.
This explains why
nonlinear
phase conjugate
opticians do not
notice direct
antigravity effects.
At the optical
frequencies at which
they work, the
effects are so
miniscule that they
are negligible. This
is readily explained
as
follows: In QM, the
quantum (photon) is
comprised of action
(angular momentum),
not just energy. It
is rather like a
"piece of
energy welded to a
piece of time, with
no seam in the
middle."
Since quantum change
occurs in quanta,
the decoupling of
the energy
and time components,
in the continual
interaction of
photons with
matter, exchanges
energy between
G-potential of
vacuum and trapped
mass of the atom or
particle. In this
exchange, small
increments of
time are continually
being formed (and
unformed, as photon
emission
occurs).
Consequently, each
mass is moving
forward in time in
small
incremental jumps,
usually of
exceedingly small
magnitude. However,
the energy and time
trapped in a photon
are canonical. The
greater
Page 12
the piece of energy,
the smaller the
piece of time, and
vice versa.
So if one wishes to
stress the "rate of
flow of time"
significantly,
one needs to produce
large amounts of
photons that have
very large
pieces of time, and
consequently little
pieces of energy.
Since the energy of
the photon is
directly
proportional to its
frequency, this
means that the lower
frequency photons
have larger
time increments, and
hence endure over
many "regular-sized
photon
absorption/emission
changes" to
appreciably stress
the rate of time
flow/production.
The bottom line is
that the standard
pumped phase
conjugate mirror
can be adapted to
produce antigravity
at ELF frequencies,
but
precisely the same
adaptation at
optical frequencies
will have
negligible effect.
With this in mind,
the author requested
Sweet to perform an
antigravity
experiment to prove
the thesis. With
Sweet's
proprietary
adaptation of his
vacuum triode/PPCM,
the experiment
produced rather
straightforward but
spectacular results,
as shown in
Figure 5.
The experiment was
performed as
follows: Rigged for
antigravity,
the 6-lb. device was
placed on a scale so
that its weight
could be
continuously
monitored. A special
external load box
was utilized in
which multiple
electric light
sockets were
connected in
parallel.
Then the external
load draw was
adjusted by merely
screwing in 100-
watt lamps, one at a
time, with
measurement and
observation pauses
in between. The
output of the device
was 120 volt,
negative AC
sine-wave power at
60 Hz.
For each 100-watt
increment, the load
power was recorded
and the
weight was carefully
recorded. The
results are shown in
the rather
smooth, classic
curve shown in
Figure 5.
At 1,000 watts load
draw, the previously
6-lb. device had
reduced
its weight due to
gravity by 90
percent. At that
point the signal-
wave (grid) input to
the open-loop vacuum
triode was only
175.4
microamps at 10
volts, or just under
two milliwatts.
********************************************************************
[This figure could
not be effectively
depicted in ASCII.
See the
original paper]
Figure 5.
Antigravity Test of
Sweet's Adapted
Vacuum Triode.
********************************************************************
We accent that the
nominal two
milliwatt input is
only a gating
signal. It is the
organized, gated
vacuum energy that
is performing
the action.
The experiment was
stopped short of
actual hovering and
flying due
to safety
considerations. With
the specific
adaptation, magnetic
monopoles are
deposited in the
magnet materials,
producing internal
tensile stress.
Since no explosive
controlled
facilities were
available, and there
was no wish to
destroy the VT, the
experiment was
terminated at 90%
antigravity
performance.
Page 13
It was completely
successful, and
adequately
demonstrated the
validity of the
unified field theory
concepts utilized in
our
approach.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
CONCLUSIONS
A new unified field
theory has been
developed, tested,
and at least
partially verified
experimentally. The
concepts of the
theory have
been applied by
Sweet in a series of
inventions that
produce readily
usable, safe
electromagnetic
power directly from
the vacuum.
The methodology
lends itself to
formulation of power
devices without
moving parts.
Antigravity,
predicted by the
concepts of the
theory,
has been
demonstrated in
actual practical
demonstrations on
the
laboratory bench.
Though not discussed
in this paper,
application of the
concepts and
methodology to a
large variety of
other fields, such
as medical
reversal of aging
and curing of almost
the entire range of
present
debilitating
diseases, has been
previously pointed
out.
[ref. 23]
We have also pointed
out the mechanism
for Kaznacheyev's
cytopathogenic
effect, or the
induction of
cellular pathology
at a
distance by
electromagnetic
means. [ref. 24]
We have also pointed
out the specific
mechanism involved
in Priore's
device, which in
rigorous laboratory
animal testing under
the
auspices of eminent
French scientists,
demonstrated nearly
100
percent cures for
terminal cancers and
leukemias, sleeping
sickness,
artherosclerosis,
and other
debilitating
diseases.[ref. 25]
We believe we have
also produced the
concepts enabling
the direct
engineering and
therapeutic
manipulation of
Popp's master
cellular
control system.
[ref. 26]
We conclude that the
concepts we have
utilized and
experimentally
demonstrated are
universal, as
implied by any
notional unified
field
theory.
Our conclusion is
that the concepts,
theory, and
experiments, taken
together, are
sufficient for
investigation and
replication by the
scientific
community.
If replicated and
fully substantiated,
we believe the work
will
directly point the
way to, and usher
in, a new unified
field theory
physics of universal
application.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
SPECULATED
IMPLICATIONS
As can be seen, the
implications of the
new approach are
profound.
The authors believe
they have ushered in
the forerunner of a
vast
new physics, one
which will change
our lives, and our
view of
physical reality, in
ways previously
undreamed of.
By mastering,
controlling, and
gating the vast,
incredible energy of
the seething vacuum,
we can power our
automobiles, flying
machines,
and technology
inexhaustibly.
Further, it can be
done absolutely
cleanly; there are
no noxious chemical
pollutants to poison
the
Page 14
biosphere. With
practical
antigravity, ships
can be developed to
cross the solar
system as readily as
one crosses the
ocean today.
And the ships,
automobiles, and
technology will
never run out of
fuel; the
inexhaustible vacuum
fills every system,
everywhere, to
overflowing.
Not discussed in
this paper, it turns
out that living
systems, faced
with the problem of
achieving negentropy
so as to maintain
their
form in a
dissipative external
physical reality,
have always used
the hidden internal
channel for such
things as mind,
thought, cell
control, and living
functions.
With the new
methodology, one now
faces the advent of
access and
engineering of the
mind and life of the
observer as readily
as the
observer's physical
body.
Transmutation of the
elements, control of
the weather,
lighting and
powering our cities
and homes cheaply
and cleanly, and
provision of
plenty for everyone
is the vista for the
future. We can in
fact
clean up the
radioactive wastes,
rid ourselves of
coarse nuclear and
petroleum
powerplants.
We strongly stress
that, with the
ability to engineer
the
Schroedinger
equation itself, the
new methodology
allows the direct
engineering and
control of quantum
change, and hence of
physical
reality itself.
The methodology is
extendable to
hyperdimensions;
nested virtual
levels of the vacuum
are already
precisely that. The
author has
already pointed out
the application of
this emerging
technology to
the absolute cure of
diseases such as
AIDS, cancer,
leukemia, etc.,
and shown that the
Priore device in
France already
proved the
efficacy of the
application in the
60s and 70s.
We shall be able to
rid ourselves and
our descendents of
diseases.
With direct access
to the actual
software of life and
mind, in the
future we should be
able to achieve
levels of education
previously
unattainable, by
directly inputting
the relevant
software.
Previously we have
also pointed out
that four nations of
the world
are already embarked
on weaponization of
scalar EM unified
field
technology. It is
sobering to think
that, in addition to
having the
ability to make our
planet a paradise
for humankind, we
also will
have the ability to
make it a hades.
For that reason, we
are doing our best
to clarify the
technical
concept and the
theory in this 1991,
hopefully with the
view that
humankind will seize
upon the positive
aspects, and develop
and
apply this
technology for the
betterment of all
people everywhere.
Long ago, Albert
Einstein said these
words:
"It would of course
be a great step
forward if we
succeeded in
combining the
gravitational field
and the
electromagnetic
field into a single
structure. Only so
could the era in
theoretical physics
inaugurated by
Faraday and Clerk
Maxwell
be brought to a
satisfactory close."
And Teilhard de
Chardin wrote:
"Someday, after we
have mastered the
winds, the waves,
the
tides and gravity,
we shall harness for
God the energies of
love. Then for the
second time in the
history of the world
man will have
discovered fire."
The authors
fervently believe
they have come upon
fire for the
second time, as
allegorized by de
Chardin. If so, let
us all use
the knowledge
wisely.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES
[1] Maxwell's
original quaternion
EM theory is
contained in
some 200 quaternion
equations and
differs extensively
from
the restricted
Heaviside/Gibbs
vector
interpretation
universally taught
today as "Maxwell's
Theory." See James
Clerk Maxwell, A
Treatise on
Electricity and
Magnetism,
Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 1873.
The third edition
is by Dover, 1954.
[2] E.T. Whittaker,
"On the Partial
Differential
Equations of
Mathematical
Physics," Math.
Ann., Vol. 57, 1903,
p. 333-
355; "On an
Expression of the
Electromagnetic
Field Due to
Electrons by Means
of Two Scalar
Potential
Functions,"
Proc. Lond. Math.
Soc., Series 2, Vol.
1, 1904, pp. 367-
372. The first paper
was in fact a
detailed theory of
the
scalar standing
potential wave that
Nikola Tesla
discovered
four years earlier,
on the night of July
3-4 1899, being
radiated from
thunderstorms, which
he entered in his
Colorado Springs
Notebook on the
morning of the 4th.
More
recently the
Whittaker structure
(WS) inside
potentials,
including the
Schroedinger
potential, has been
shown by
V.K. Ignatovich,
"The Remarkable
Capabilities of
Recursive
Relations," Am. J.
Phys., 57(10), Oct.
1989, p. 873-878,
without credit to
Whittaker or to the
presence of such
structured scalar
potentials in
Maxwell's original
quaternion EM
theory. These WSs
are universal to
scalar
potentials; e.g.,
for the same in
acoustics, see
Richard W.
Ziolkowski,
"Localized
Transmission of Wave
Energy," Proc.
SPIE, Vol. 1061,
Microwave and
Particle Beam
Sources and
Directed Energy
Concepts, Jan. 1989,
p. 396-397.
[3] See Y. Aharonov
and D. Bohm,
"Significance of
Electromagnetic
Potentials in the
Quantum Theory,"
Phys.
Rev., Second Series,
115(3), Aug. 1,
1959, p. 458-491.
This paper pointed
out the primacy of
the potentials.
Instead of being
causative agents,
the force fields are
actually effects
generated from the
potentials. This is
in
complete violation
of both classical
electromagnetics and
classical dynamics,
but it is absolutely
required by
quantum mechanics.
For an extensive
discussion of the
Aharonov-Bohm effect
and an extensive
list of references,
see S. Olariu and I.
Iovitzu Popescu,
"The Quantum Effects
of Electromagnetic
Fluxes," Rev. Mod.
Phys. 57(2), Apr.
1985. See Bertram
Schwarzschild,
"Currents in
Normal-Metal
Rings Exhibit
Aharonov-Bohm
Effect," Physics
Today, 39(1),
Jan. 1986, p. 17-20
for confirmation
that the
Aharonov/Bohm
effect has indeed
been firmly proven
experimentally.
Page 16
[4] It is pointed
out that today all
potentials are
well-known
to be gravitational
entities. However,
this was not known
in Whittaker's time,
and so he himself
did not realize that
he had actually
produced an
engineerable,
testable unified
theory of
electromagnetics and
gravitation.
[5] T.E. Bearden,
"Possible Whittaker
Unification of
Electromagnetics,
General Relativity,
and Quantum
Mechanics:
Part I: Background,"
Presented to Ala.
Acad. Sci. Annual
Symp., Univ.
Jacksonville, Mar.
1991.
[6] For the theory
of a pumped phase
conjugate mirror,
see David
M. Pepper,
"Nonlinear Optical
Phase Conjugation,"
Opt. Eng.,
21(2), Mar./Apr.
1982, p. 156-183;
Amnon Yariv, Optical
Electronics, 3rd
Edn., Holt,
Rinehart, and
Winston, New
York, 1985. In a
normal triode tube,
the amplified plate
signal is 180
degrees out of phase
spatially with the
grid
input, but in-phase
with it in respect
to rate of flow
through time. In a
PPCM, the amplified
phase conjugate
replica wave is in
phase spatially with
the signal wave, but
180 degrees out of
phase with it in
respect to its rate
of
flow through time.
It is pointed out
that a PCM with a
gain
of unity produces a
coupled EM
wave/antiwave pair
whose
energy is additive
in 3-space but
subtractive in the
first
derivative of the
fourth dimension,
time. Hence it is no
longer an
electromagnetic wave
as such, but an
oscillatory
wave of stress upon
the local rate of
flow of time. Hence
it is a powerful
electrogravitational
wave, whose EM
nature
is hidden in the
guise of a scalar EM
potential. It is
also
a wave of variation
in the local gauge,
and of variation in
the local ST
curvature.
[7] See T.E.
Bearden, The Phase
Conjugate Vacuum
Triode, Apr.
23, 1987, privately
published. An
earlier pencil draft
was
initially produced.
[8] Sweet has
continued to extend
his theoretical
treatment. A
formal paper
providing the
complete
mathematical theory
of
the vacuum triode
has been drafted, is
in final review, and
will be submitted to
a leading journal by
mid-1991.
[9] See Chapter 25:
Outlook,
"Possibility of
Vacuum
Engineering," T.D.
Lee, Particle
Physics and
Introduction to
Field Theory,
Harwood, New York,
1981, pp. 824-828.
[10] In 1977 Ilya
Prigogine received
the Nobel Prize for
extending
thermodynamics; in
particular, for the
theory of
dissipative
structures in
nonequilibrium
thermodynamics. In
Prigogine systems,
negentropy is known
to be possible.
[11] Robert G.
Sachs, The Physics
of Time Reversal,
Univ. Chi.
Press., Chicago,
1987.
[12] Note that this
moves the entire
notion of the charge
of a
fundamental particle
to a deeper and more
extended level.
Now the charge may
be discretized, but
it is not quantized
in the hard
conventional sense.
Further, the
internal
Whittaker structure
of the massless VPF
photon exchange of
vacuum and mass,
which, quantum
mechanically, is
what the
Page 17
electrical charge of
the particle is in
the first place, is
deterministically
structured. Note
that this violates
the
present assumption
that all like
charged particles
are
identical; now two
electrons may have
either the same or
different magnitudes
of charge, and even
when the magnitudes
are the same, their
internal charge
structures
(Whittaker
structures) and VPF
exchange with the
vacuum may differ.
Also note that this
resolves the severe
QM problem of
missing chaos
(hidden order) in
quantum change. The
reason
for the problem was
the use of Gibbs
statistics with its
assumption of random
variable change,
which a priori
excluded hidden
order (and hence
chaos) from QM. That
was
only a special case,
albeit an important
one. There are now
three QM cases: (1)
the conventional
case, where there is
no hidden order; (2)
the case where there
is some hidden
order, and the
statistics is
chaotic, not random;
and (3)
the case where the
QM change is
deterministic, with
essentially total
hidden order. Note
that the Whittaker
methodology allows
one to directly
engineer cases (2)
and
(3), including the
Schroedinger
equation itself.
[13] The present
second law of
thermodynamics is
written only for
time-forward
entities, and need
not apply for the
time-
reversed case.
Merely viewing the
energy-dissipating
forward time case in
reverse allows an
appreciation of the
time-reversed case.
In other words, the
second law of
thermodynamics is
incomplete as
presently stated.
The
complete law has a
corollary to cover
the increase in
order
as the time-reversal
of the system
increases. Thus the
complete law
consists of two
parts: (1) the
entropic, time-
forward case, and
(2) the negentropic
time-reversed case.
Since the
re-ordering can be
amplified at will by
a PPCM
process, the correct
distinction between
the two subsets of
the complete law is
important, and
applies to real
systems.
[14] A.D. Sakharov,
Theor. Math. Phys.,
Vol. 23, 1975, p.
435.
[15] T. E. Bearden,
Gravitobiology: A
New Biophysics,
Tesla Book
Co., 604 Date Ave.,
Chula Vista, CA
91912, 1991.
[16] C.f. Charles W.
Misner, Kip S.
Thorne, and John
Archibald
Wheeler,
Gravitation, W.H.
Freeman and Co., San
Francisco,
1973, p. 1191.
[17] E.g., see
Richard Kidd et al,
"Evolution of the
Modern
Photon," Am. J.
Phys., 57(1), Jan.
1989, pp. 27-35. See
also R. Chen,
"Cancellation of
Internal Forces,"
Am. J.
Phys. 49(4), Apr.
1981, p. 372.
[18] A nonlinear
material may simply
emit a photon, or it
may act
as a phase conjugate
mirror (PCM) and
emit a phase
conjugate
replica of the
absorbed photon.
When the material
emits a
normal photon, it
measurably recoils.
When it emits a
time-
reversed photon, it
does not recoil, as
already
experimentally
established in
nonlinear phase
conjugate
optics. The solution
to the mystery is
this: When emitting
a normal photon, the
material does not
act as a PCM. In
that case the
matching antiphoton
which split from the
interacting graviton
(the graviton that
yielded the external
Page 18
photon) interacts
with the nucleus,
producing a recoil
action with a gain
of one. Thus
Newtonian third-law
recoil of the
nucleus occurs. On
the other hand, when
the
material acts as a
PCM, it also emits
the antiphoton
outside
the atom to
"backtrack" the
absorbed "signal
wave" photon.
In that case there
is no Newtonian
recoil of the
nucleus,
because the agent
for causing recoil
did not interact
with
the nucleus to
produce it.
[19] Richard E.
Prange and Peter
Strance, "The
Semiconducting
Vacuum," Am. J.
Phys. 52(1), Jan.
1984, p. 19-21.
Also,
under nonlinear
conditions, a
particle can absorb
more
energy than is in
the light incident
on it, absorbing the
energy from the
vacuum VPF. C.f.
Craig F. Bohren,
"How Can
a Particle Absorb
More Than the Light
Incident on It?" Am.
J. Phys. 51(4), Apr.
1983, p. 323-327.
[20] C.f. Pepper,
ibid. and Yariv,
ibid. For a specific
example,
see Mary J. Miller
et al, Appl. Phys.
Lett. 41(8), Oct.
15,
1982, p. 689-691.
[21] Again, for the
theory of the PPCM,
see Pepper, ibid.
and
Yariv, ibid.
[22] E.g., see T.E.
Bearden,
Gravitobiology: A
New Biophysics,
Tesla Book Co.,
Chula Vista, CA,
1991, p. 33-36.
[23] Bearden, AIDS:
Biological Warfare,
Tesla Book Co.,
1988;
Gravitobiology: A
New Biophysics,
Tesla Book Co.,
1991;
Analysis of Scalar
Electromagnetics,
Tesla Book Co.,
1990.
[24] C.f. Vlail P.
Kaznacheyev and L.P.
Mikhailova,
Ultraweak
Radiations in
Intercellular
Interactions, [in
Russian],
Novosibirsk, 1981;
Vlail P.
Kaznacheyev,
"Electromagnetic
Bioinformation in
Intercellular
Interactions," Psi
Research,
1(1), Mar. 1982, p.
47-76; N.D.
Devyatkov, Ed.,
Applications of
Low-Intensity
Millimeter Wave
Radiation in
Biology and
Medicine, [in
Russian], IRE Akad.
Nauk. SSSR,
Moscow, 1985.
[25] C.f. Antoine
Priore, "Method of
Producing Radiations
for
Penetrating Living
Cells," U.S. Patent
No. 3,280,816; Jean-
Michel Graille, Le
Dossier Priore, De
Noel, Paris, 1984
[in
French]; Christopher
Bird, "The Case of
Antoine Priore and
His Therapeutic
Machine: A Scandal
in the Politics of
Science," Appx. I to
Bearden, AIDS:
Biological Warfare,
1988.
[26] C.f. Fritz
Albert Popp, "Photon
Storage in
Biological
Systems," in Fritz
Albert Popp et al,
Eds.,
Electromagnetic
Bio-Information:
Proceedings of the
Symposium, Marburg,
September 5, 1977,
Urban &
Schwarzenberg,
Baltimore, 1979,
p. 123-149; also
Biophotonen. Ein
neuer weg zur Losung
des
Krebsproblems,
Verlag fur Medizin,
Heidelberg, 1976 [in
German].
Page 19
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SWEET3.ASC
--------------------------------------------------------------------
This file shared
with KeelyNet
courtesy of Guy
Resh.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Progress Report on
the Sweet Vacuum
Triode
T. E. Bearden
Updated Jan. 29,
1992
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Phase I Operation
Completed
In 1991 we ended
Phase I, and began
the opening round of
Phase II of
our decades-long
operation. Phase I
was to alert the
free nations
to the dangers of
Soviet scalar EM
weapons, and the
necessity of
countering them.
That phase has been
successfully
completed. There
are now three other
nations - not
hostile to the U.S.
- that have
developed and
deployed scalar EM
weaponry. The
Soviets/KGB are
soundly checked by
these three nations,
with regards to
scalar EM
weaponry.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Phase II Operation
Begun
The goal of the
phase II operation
is to get cheap,
clean energy
from the vacuum,
obtain antigravity,
and develop scalar
EM healing
of notorious
diseases such as
cancer, leukemia,
AIDS, etc. In this
phase we are now
publishing papers in
the orthodox
literature that
carry the message.
Our target is the
bright young
graduate students
and postdoctoral
candidates who are
becoming
increasingly curious
in
this area. We will
try to get as many
of these interested
as
possible. The idea
is to have about 100
"seed cells", in
major
universities, so
that these young
tigers do the
necessary
phenomenology
experiments and
produce the
necessary theory
extensions. If we
can reach that
number of seed
cells, then those
young Turks will
turn over the
present physics.
That Phase II
operation has begun.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Two Fundamental
Papers Published
For example, in
mid-1991 we gave (in
absentia) two
fundamental
papers to a very
large symposium
(IECEC '91) in the
Boston area.
The symposium was
sponsored by IEEE,
AIAA, and many of
the other
leading technical
societies of the
U.S. The two papers
are
published in the
Proceedings by the
American Nuclear
Society.[1,2]
One of these papers
[1] tells what is
wrong with quantum
mechanics,
Page 1
electromagnetics,
and general
relativity - that
is, what actually
prevents their
unification. It also
tells what has to be
done to
unify them. I
emphasize that the
thesis in this paper
is testable
on the laboratory
bench; it isn't just
conjecture.
The second paper [2]
is rather unique, to
say the least. In it
I
openly released the
basic universal
mechanism that is
capable of
directly tapping the
potential energy of
the vacuum,
electromagnetically.
That's a secret
eventually worth
billions of
dollars; I freely
gave it to everyone.
I discovered the
theoretical
mechanism, so it was
mine to give. The
paper reported on
Floyd
Sweet's (my
colleague for
several years)
vacuum triode which
successfully taps
the vacuum's virtual
photon flux energy
to produce
500 watts of
time-reversed
electrical power,
with only 330
microwatts of normal
power input. That
device has been in
existence
since 1987 or
earlier.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The Fundamental
Mechanism Is Proven
There are several
hundred papers in
the nonlinear optics
literature
that prove that the
fundamental pumped
phase conjugate
mirror (PPCM)
mechanism works, in
the macroscopic
world. I seem to
have been (in
1986/87) the first
person to openly
treat the nucleus of
the atom as
a PPCM.
In a proprietary
1986 draft and later
1987 paper given to
Sweet, I
produced the basic
theory of how
Sweet's vacuum
triode device (which
then was producing 6
watts output) was
tapping the vacuum
energy.
To do so, I treated
the Whittaker
bidirectional EM
wave components
of a scalar EM
potential __
introduced onto the
nucleus - as a set
of wave/antiwave
pairs or pump waves.
This application
simply uses the
internal scalar
potential's
internal structuring
as clearly
established by
Whittaker in
1903.[3]
With the internal
Whittaker
wave/antiwave
structure, one can
establish a
self-oscillation
(self-pumping) on
the barium nucleus,
in and of the
virtual photon flux
(VPF) exchange
between the nucleus
and its immediately
surrounding
vacuum.[4]
When that is
successfully done,
the material
containing the
barium
(in Sweet's case,
barium ferrite
magnets) is
activated. That is,
VPF exchange energy
is rhythmically
flowing into the
barium nucleus
and back out again
in a 60 Hz wave __
as a wave of pure
VPF stress
potential; a pure
scalar EM wave,
which is composed of
(and can be
decomposed into)
phase-locked AM
oscillations of the
set of
Whittaker biwaves
composing the
potential.
With this Whittaker
decomposition, the
self-oscillating
barium
nucleus is then a
self-pumped phase
conjugate mirror.
Note that
this "nucleus as a
pumped phase
conjugate mirror"
approach is a
universal scheme for
tapping the trapped
energy in a massless
scalar
EM potential in the
vacuum, without
depleting the
potential.
The potential in the
vacuum is a function
of vacuum VPF
activity;
the potential is
continually
replenished by the
vacuum itself. The
EM energy trapped
inside the potential
can be tapped
forever, if the
potential is not
bled off by
translating
electrons (or other
charged
particles).
Page 2
Then all that
remains to be done
to tap this
vacuum-furnished
"pumping" energy, is
to utilize standard
4-wave mixing theory
from
nonlinear optics,
and introduce a
small signal wave
input. By
standard textbook
theory, up to all
the energy in the
pump waves
will then be emitted
by the nucleus as a
phase conjugate
replica
(PCR) (time-reversed
replica) of the
signal wave input.
In other words, an
amplified EM energy
wave - in this case,
60 Hz -
will come from the
self-pumped nuclei
and will backtrack
the path
taken by the signal
wave, in accordance
with the so-called
distortion
correction theorem
of orthodox
nonlinear optics.[5]
In this fashion, the
energy in a
potential
established in
vacuum can
be directly tapped,
taken from the VPF
exchange with the
nucleus,
and gated out of the
atom and into the
external circuit, to
power an
external load.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The Secret of
Overunity EM Devices
THIS "NUCLEUS AS A
PUMPED PHASE
CONJUGATE MIRROR"
MECHANISM IS THE
FUNDAMENTAL SECRET
OF ALL LEGITIMATE
OVER-UNITY DEVICES
THAT TAP
VACUUM ENERGY.
The tapping device
is not a closed
system, but is open
to the flow
of energy from the
vacuum to the nuclei
and back. All
systems
everywhere are open
to this in-and-out
VPF flux exchange
anyway.
Normally, however,
the two VPF flows -
in and out - are
equal and
opposite, and so the
energy exchange
between vacuum and
nucleus is
in equilibrium. In
that case, none of
the VPF exchange
energy is
gated out to the
external circuit.
In the "activated"
case, however, the
two VPF flows
(between the
nucleus and the
vacuum) are not
equal, because part
of the flow
energy that
accumulates in the
in-surge into the
nucleus is gated
out of the atom and
into the external
circuit.
Hence the
vacuum/nucleus flux
exchange system is
not locally in
equilibrium, because
part of the in-flow
is being gated by
4-wave
mixing accomplished
in the PPCM barium
nuclei, into forming
an
organized PCR wave,
which in turn goes
on out of the atom
instead of
back to the vacuum.
Any local vacuum
energy extracted is
just
instantly replaced
by the surrounding
vacuum - just as a
raging
ocean instantly
refills the hole
left in dipping out
a spoonful
of water.
So in the
self-oscillating
PPCM nucleus, part
of the vacuum influx
energy is gated into
an organized phase
conjugate replica
(PCR)
wave, instead of
simply being
flux-exchanged back
to the local
vacuum. This
amplified PCR wave
backtracks the path
previously
taken by the input
60 Hz signal wave,
and thus proceeds
out of the
vacuum-pumped
nuclei, through the
atom's electron
shells, into and
through the material
lattice, and arrives
in the outer
circuit,
which is connected
to the external
electrical load.
The device thus
powers the external
load directly off
the energy
organized and gated
from the local vacua
surrounding the
excited,
activated,
self-pumped barium
nuclei.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 3
Floyd Sweet's Vacuum
Triode
In his second vacuum
triode, Sweet
obtained 500 watts
of negative
electrical power out
(at 60 Hz and 120
volts), with an
input (signal
wave, in nonlinear
optical PPCM
terminology) of only
330 microwatts
(10 volts, 33 x 10-6
amps) from a small
60 Hz oscillator.
That's
about a 1,500,000
power gain. Not too
bad at all.
Sweet later
"close-looped" the
device, tapping off
a wee bit of the
output, and using it
as the rigidly
clamped
positive-feedback
input.
So his later devices
put out 500 watts,
directly from the
vacuum,
without any external
input at all.
Sweet has also built
devices having 1,000
watt output and
5,000 watt
output. The devices
also are solid
state, with no
moving parts.
A nominal Sweet
device outputs 1,000
watts of
time-reversed (PCR)
EM
power at 60 Hz and
120 volts. It weighs
6 pounds, and can be
rigged
to simultaneously
produce antigravity,
while it is
producing its
negative power.
However, there are
still some serious
problems with
stability, etc.
Also, there are
serious legal
problems, and in
fact the entire
thing
has been in
litigation. It may
be that nothing will
ever be
possible with this
device, because of
the horrendous legal
entanglements. But
the device is real,
it works (albeit it
is just
a laboratory
demonstration
device, and not at
all a
production-ready
model). It proves
the principles, and
the report is now in
the
standard literature.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
World's First
Antigravity Success
Also, to prove the
scalar EM
interpretation of
gravity and
antigravity, at my
urgent request in
1987, Sweet
specially rigged
the device for
antigravity
production. In the
cited paper we
report
on the highly
successful result.
The 6-lb. weight of
the object was
reduced in periodic
stages by
90%, on a scale on
the lab bench, in a
totally controlled,
smooth,
slow, sustained
experiment without
transients or sudden
surges,
jerks, etc. At the
same time, the
device was steadily
producing
negative electrical
power.
In fact, the method
of producing
antigravity in a
"rigged" unit is
simply to force it
to process more
negative power
through the
nucleus.
Gravitational energy
is negative energy,
and gravitational
power is negative
power, as is well
known.
It follows that to
first order,
antigravity can be
regarded as
simply the
outputting or
ejecting of negative
energy from the
atomic
nucleus, through the
electron shells and
into an external
load,
rather than return
of the negative VPF
energy back to the
vacuum
from the nucleus.
The curve is
reproduced in the
paper, and printed
in the
proceedings. I had
qualitatively
predicted the
results, prior to
the experiment.
Page 4
What is not printed
in the proceedings
is that, with
another more
powerful model,
Sweet has actually
fully levitated the
entire 6-lb
unit, and "flown" it
above the bench, via
this approach to
antigravity.
So the scalar EM
theory works. It's
still tricky, and
we're just at
the stage that
normal EM went
through with "cat
fur, glass rods, and
pith balls." But
slowly we're getting
there. Still, we
desperately
need to develop good
instrumentation for
detecting (1) the
absolute
scalar potential,
including its
magnitude, and (2)
the exact
Whittaker
bidirectional EM
wave harmonic
structure of the
scalar
potential. We know
how to approach that
problem, but it will
be
quite expensive, and
funding to do that
has simply never
been
available.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
"Energy" Is
Presently
Incorrectly Defined
To illustrate just
how poorly some of
the foundations of
normal
science (including
physics) are known,
let me point out
that the
present definition
of energy is totally
wrong. Now there's a
real
attention grabber of
a statement! Can I
prove it? Let's see.
The present
"definition" of
energy in science is
usually stated
something like this.
"Energy is the
capacity to do
work." Well,
that statement
happens to be
totally, hopelessly
false. It isn't
even correct logic.
Here's why.
What is work?
Ultimately, work is
the scattering
(disordering) of
energy. We can
always resort to
calorimetry, e.g.,
and determine
the warming of a
solution (such as
water) by a
mechanically-powered
paddlewheel, to
convert mechanical
energy to heat
energy, etc. But
in QM, all
mechanical forces
are generated by the
exchange of
virtual photons, so
even mechanical
force is
electromagnetic at
base. Hence
mechanical force
times distance is
also EM-generated,
at its causative
base. Eventually,
mechanical and
electromagnetic
work involves the
scattering of EM
energy.
So substituting for
the term "work" in
the accepted
definition of
energy, the standard
definition is really
this: "Energy is the
(capacity to do)
scattering of
energy."[6] That's
logically
contradictory. It
says that energy is
just its own
scattering! And
that's nonsense.
Try it on the notion
of a fishhook. I can
truthfully state: "A
fishhook can be used
to catch fish."
That's perfectly
okay.
However, we cannot
accurately define a
fishhook as "A
fishhook IS
the capacity to
catch fish." That's
a non sequitur. We
can say,
accurately, that "a
fishhook HAS the
(innate) capacity to
catch
fish," and that is
accurate. That's
just a statement
about
fishhooks, it is not
a definition. But we
cannot say that "a
fishhook IS the
capacity to catch
fish." Indeed, a
fishhook IS a
bent piece of wire,
where one end is
usually curved with
a barb on
the tip.
Similarly, we can
say that "energy HAS
the capacity to do
work," and
that is logically
accurate. In that
form, it's just a
statement of
one of the things
that energy can be
used to do. One can,
by
scattering the
energy, do work -
since work is just
the scattering
of energy in the
first place. But one
cannot say that
"Energy IS
Page 5
the capacity to do
work." A thing
cannot be defined as
just its own
scattering!
I find it remarkable
- even astounding -
that generations of
scientists and
engineers have
apparently failed to
notice this
simple, elementary
fact. Could it be
that all the
physicists and
engineers are
presently wrong in
their notion as to
precisely what
energy IS? If so,
then (one might say)
what, pray tell, is
it?
What is energy
anyway?
--------------------------------------------------------------------
A Fundamental
Redefinition of
Energy
Here's the precise
definition: ENERGY
IS ANY ORDERING,
EITHER
STATIC OR DYNAMIC,
IN THE VIRTUAL
PARTICLE FLUX OF
VACUUM. Period.
Note that energy
overall refers to
the flux of any and
all kinds of
virtual particles in
the vacuum. It can
be any kind of
ordering
imposed in or on any
or some or all of
those particle
fluxes.
But when you put an
adjective modifier
in front of the word
"energy", then you
have selected a
particular type of
flux. In that
case you have to
discriminate the
type of quantum
particle of the
field, comprising
the flux that is
being referred to.
Like the
following:
Definition of
Electromagnetic
Energy
Electromagnetic
energy is any
ordering, either
static or dynamic,
in
the virtual photon
flux of vacuum. In
other words, for a
field
energy, one selects
only the type of
particle in the VPF
that is the
quantum particle of
that field.
Let's continue:
Nowhere in physics -
in all of physics -
does there
appear a legitimate
definition of the
electrostatic scalar
potential. The
normal "definition"
utilized or advanced
is a
prescription for
calculating its
magnitude. I could
not find a
single physicist or
electrical engineer
who could accurately
define
it. So I went to QM
and dug out what it
is, myself. Let's
continue:
Definitions of Some
Types of Potentials
A potential is any
ordering, either
static or dynamic or
combination
thereof, in the
virtual particle
flux of vacuum.
Note that, according
to this definition,
a potential is pure
energy,
a priori. But we
must be careful.
Because of the
nature of the
virtual particle
flux comprising it,
the potential is a
collection
of individual
virtual energies - a
collection of the
individual
energies of a host
of individually
moving virtual
particles. Each
particle is still
almost totally
separate from each
other, most of
the time. In other
words, as an
informal analogy,
potential is a
sort of mostly
disintegrated
energy, which only
has just a touch of
integration, enough
to allow it to be
referred to as a
single
"collection" or
"ordering."
A scalar potential
is any static
(stationary)
ordering in the
virtual particle
flux of vacuum. A
vector potential is
any dynamic
(nonstationary)
ordering in the
virtual particle
flux of vacuum. So
scalar potentials
and vector
potentials are
simply different
subsets
of the energy
domain.
Page 6
An electrostatic
scalar potential is
any static
(stationary)
ordering in the
virtual photon flux
of vacuum. And so
on.
Now those are all
precise definitions.
To the best of my
knowledge,
they have not
previously appeared
in physics.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Internal Wave
Structure of A
Scalar Potential
However, with
respect to the
electrostatic scalar
potential, one
still has a
conceptual problem.
Any photon in the
vacuum must of
necessity be moving
at an average
velocity of c, it
would seem. So
how does one have a
"stationary"
ordering of these
extremely fast
photons? In other
words, how do you
catch and "hold
stationary" a
particle that's
moving at luminal
velocity, and have
it still
continuing to move
that fast?
It's simply a
special case of a
kind of "standing
wave" stationary
solution by another
name. Indeed,
Whittaker decomposes
the scalar
potential into
bidirectional pairs
(in a harmonic
series) of EM
waves.[7] In other
words, a scalar
electrostatic
potential
internally consists
of - and is composed
of - paired EM
waves,
passing through each
other, in pairs in a
harmonic set. Sort
of
like a Fourier
expansion set of
harmonic waves,
coupled with its
phase conjugate set
that is present at
the same time.
Notice that
the harmonic
wavepairs are
phase-locked in
frequency and time.
Hence this structure
establishes an
organized, standing,
stationary
spatiotemporal
lattice directly in
the vacuum
potential. It is
strongly pointed out
that this represents
a local organization
and
structuring of
spacetime itself.
Further, a given
potential created by
our circuits is a
change in
the trapped local EM
energy of the
vacuum. It therefore
represents
a local curvature of
spacetime, and this
local curvature is
Whittaker-structured.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Gravitons, Photons,
and Antiphotons
So we look at one
pair of Whittaker
waves, at its wave
and antiwave
components. We point
out that the
antiwave is a true
phase
conjugate
(time-reversal) twin
of the wave. In that
wave/antiwave
pair, photons in the
wave are moving
forward (say, from
left to
right) in one
direction, and
antiphotons in the
antiwave are moving
back (say, from
right to left). In
other words, photons
and
antiphotons are
present and
constantly meeting
each other in each
wave/antiwave pair.
Further, the
antiwave is
precisely coupled to
the wave by phase
conjugation. This
requires that
photons and
antiphotons are also
continually and
precisely coupling -
which they can do
and will do
if one is a precise
phase conjugate of
the other - and
decoupling.
But when momentarily
coupled, the
photon/antiphoton
pair have
helicity 2. In other
words, at that
moment the paired
system
(couple) is
stationary. As a
crude visual model,
each may be
visualized as
"whirling around"
(orbiting) the other
momentarily, so
that each has
tangential velocity
c, but oppositely
directed,
producing a spin-2
system that is
momentarily
"trapped" and not
Page 7
translating.[8] In
this fashion a
photon may be
"spatially trapped"
in a graviton
system, but the
individual photon
may still be moving
with tangential
velocity c, even
though the graviton
system is
stationary.
Thus what we have in
the Whittaker
bidirectional wave
structure of
the scalar EM
potential is the
continual formation
and dissolution
of stationary spin-2
gravitons, with
photons and
antiphotons
continually entering
and exiting each
coupling position.
The
gravitons resulting
from the photon
coupling/uncoupling
are
statistical, for
they are continually
being created and
destroyed.
Those statistical
gravitons are what
comprise the
"electrostatic
scalar potential,"
and constitute the
convolution of the
locally
trapped photons.
Consequently, the
local EM energy
trapped in the
scalar EM potential
exists in that form.
Note that, because
of the arrangement
of the
photon/antiphoton
pairs
into a harmonic
series, all the EM
waves in the entire
Whittaker set
are phase-locked, as
are the gravitons.
This means that the
phase-
locked graviton sets
represent an ordered
spacetime graviton
lattice
__ containing EM
energy ordered both
dynamically and
statically in
frequency, energy,
space, and time.
So, the scalar
electrostatic
potential is
actually a hidden
graviton
latticing
organization of
local spacetime
itself.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Photon Interaction
And Newton's Third
Law
It follows that, in
photon interactions,
normally we actually
have a
bust-up of a
graviton, so that we
have two photon
interactions,[9]
not one, as follows:
(1) the freed
forward-time photon
interacts
with the shell
electrons of the
atom, which is the
reaction
contained in the
textbooks, and (2)
the freed
time-reversed
antiphoton interacts
with the nucleus of
the atom to produce
Newton's third law
reaction force.[10]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The Scalar Potential
Is Gravitational
Now that we know
that the scalar
potential is
comprised of
gravitons, we can
understand why the
potential is
gravitational (as
is well-known in
general
relativity.)[11] We
also realize
something
even more important:
We realize precisely
how gravitational
potential is made
and sustained
electromagnetically.
In other
words, we now
understand
electrogravitation.
Note that, so far,
we
have described a
very "linear"
condition in
spacetime, where the
local spacetime from
one point to its
neighboring points
does not
change in the photon
coupling
constituency of the
graviton lattice.
Such a spacetime is
locally flat.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Curved and Flat
Local Spacetimes
However, it follows
that we also should
be able to do some
nonlinear
things to make the
average
photon/antiphoton
coupling differ from
spin-2. In that
case, we can have
some multiple photon
couplings
greater than
helicity 2. We can
also have the
occasional failure
of
photon and
antiphoton to
couple, so that the
average coupling is
less than helicity
2.
Page 8
Because of the
continual creation
and annihilation of
gravitons, in
describing "the"
graviton we are
speaking of the
average photon
coupling over a
finite time, where
the average smooths
and becomes a
constant value, and
where by "photon" we
refer to both
photons and
antiphotons.
If so, we then have
this characteristic:
If the average
photon
coupling in the
vacuum EM potential
is spin-2, then
that's the
"linear" coupling
case, and the local
spacetime is flat
(uncurved).
If the average
coupling is less
than spin-2, then
the local
spacetime is curved
in one direction. It
is deficient in
photons
for its preferred
coupling, so it acts
as a photon sink, or
EM
energy sink. So to
speak, such a
potential/vacuum/spacetime
has
"unfilled photon
holes - sort of a
slightly depleted
"Dirac photon
sea." On the other
hand, if the average
coupling is greater
than
spin-2, the local
spacetime is curved
in the opposite
direction. It
has a surplus of
photons, so it acts
as a photon source -
in other
words, as an EM
energy source. In
this case, it is a
sort of
"excited Dirac
photon sea."
Just as the
spacetime/vacuum
possesses a negative
energy sea of
Dirac electrons, so
it possesses a
negative energy sea
of photons.
When it's flat, all
the negative energy
"holes" are filled
with
virtual photons.
When it's curved in
one direction, some
of the
holes are empty, and
the local spacetime
will "absorb" some
available photons.
When it's curved in
the other direction,
an
excess of virtual
photons/antiphotons
are crammed in there
in excess
of the holes, so the
spacetime will emit
photons and serve as
an
energy source.
Remember that
spacetime/vacuum to
first order is just
scalar
potential. We can
have a negative or a
positive potential,
as a
delta compared to
the normal or
ambient vacuum
potential. And when
we speak of curved
spacetime, we are
just talking about a
surplus or
shortage of trapped
photon energy
coupling density to
comprise the
local
vacuum/potential.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Potential, Vacuum,
Spacetime, and
Energy
The four words,
potential, vacuum,
spacetime, and
static energy turn
out to be
essentially
identities. Also,
all of them have a
dynamic
substructure. That
is, a vacuum per se
is
structured/ordered,
since
it is essentially a
scalar potential. To
first order, it is
an
electrostatic scalar
EM potential, in the
manner shown by
Whittaker
to have an internal
bidirectional EM
wave harmonic
structure.
A spacetime is
internally
structured; this
provides direct
access to
"hyperspace"
engineering, since
the "internal" part
of spacetime is
hyperspatial,
mathematically. But
with the Whittaker
approach, it
is straightforward
to directly engineer
this internal
hyperspace
aspect.
The ultimate
engineering is
hyperspatial
engineering, vacuum
engineering,
engineering of
potentials,
engineering of
vacuum
engines, energizing
the vacuum,
energizing
spacetime,
structuring
the local curvature
of spacetime,
engineering the
internal
electromagnetics,
etc. All these
things are
identically the same
thing. They are all
part of scalar
electromagnetics.
Page 9
Interference of
vacua/potentials
generates what we
call EM waves in
vacuum.[12] These
waves may move
either time-forward
or time-
reversed
(antiwaves). You can
also engineer this
direct scalar
interferometry to
produce, stabilize,
and control EM
energy, in
static or dynamic
form, as Whittaker
showed in 1904, even
at a
distance.[13]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Overunity Condition:
Tapping The
Potential
So, as you might
surmise, in scalar
EM we can curve
local spacetime,
and use it as either
a source or a sink
of EM energy. Once
we pay
to move a set of
charges so as to
establish a
particular
excitation
and structure to the
local or distant
spacetime, so long
as we do
not allow the
depletion of the
charges, they
continue to "pump"
virtual photons
(that is what
electric charge is,
according to QM)
and sustain that
particular
active/excited/
energetic
spacetime/vacuum/potential.
If virtual EM photon
energy is removed
from that
excited/activated
vacuum region, the
surrounding
activated
vacuum instantly
replaces it,
continually and
forever.
Now we are free to
build a device which
(1) establishes the
excited
vacuum/spacetime/potential
in the first place,
and (2) then taps
off
the virtual photon
energy of the
excited vacuum
potential itself,
without allowing
depletion of the
sustaining charged
particles that
are fixed in
position and
creating/pumping the
virtual photon flux
that creates the
potential. We can
tap the continual
power of the
Whittaker EM biwaves
flowing through the
excited vacuum
potential
forever, without
exhausting it. I
t is simply
comparable to
putting a
paddlewheel in a
river, where in
this case the
Whittaker
bidirectional EM
wave structure is
the
river, and a special
tapping device or
process is the
"paddlewheel."
We can extract all
the energy we wish,
forever, from the
stream, and
the vacuum itself
will continually and
forever replenish
the stream
as fast as we
extract the power.
So we can build an
over-unity machine,
IF WE TAP THE
LOCALLY ALTERED
VACUUM POTENTIAL'S
HIDDEN WHITTAKER
RIVER, rather than
releasing the
sustaining
electrical
charges/VPF spray
pumps we accumulated
to
create that altered
potential.
If you release the
charges (the
electrons, e.g.) as
normal
electrical engineers
are trained to do,
the charges
translate and
mechanically bang
and clang their way
through resistances,
etc. on
the way to
electrical ground,
depleting the
potential in the
process. This
banging and clanging
produces scattering
of the
order/energy in the
potential and hence
does work. But that
way you
only get one shot of
it. It's a one-time
thing, and then
you've got
to pay to move in
some more charges,
build another
potential, and
release the
potential and the
charges so the
charges will go
banging
and clanging through
the circuit again,
scattering energy
(order)
and producing
one-time work again.
That's a very poor
way to do business.
It's rather like
having some
free, self-powered
pumps, building a
dam to hold some
water
pressure, moving in
some of the pumps
and pumping up water
behind
the dam to provide
the pressure, then
knocking down the
dam and
releasing the pumps
and the water
simultaneously, so
that the water
will rush out and
push the pumps along
to bump into things
along the
Page 10
flow channel and do
"banging and
clanging" work. Yes,
you can get
some work done by
the pumps one time
that way. But it's a
"hell of
a way to run a
railroad!" Yet all
our present
electrical engineers
and electrical
scientists are
trained to plan,
develop, build, and
utilize just such
crude EM systems!
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Nature's Engines:
Charged Particles
Are Pumps
Charged particles,
in quantum
mechanics, are
engaged in a violent
virtual particle
flux exchange with
the vacuum. The
violent virtual
photon exchange
between vacuum and
mass particle is
what creates and
constitutes the
electrical charge on
that particle of
mass. In
other words, the
electrically charged
particle is nature's
little
"spray engine" or
"spray pump," with
respect to virtual
photon flux
or spray.
The magnitude of the
electrostatic scalar
potential created by
the
accumulated charges
(spray pumps)
represents the local
magnitude
(flux/spray density)
of that virtual
photon "spray." It
has nothing
to do with the mass
of the charges,
except that nature
has built
those particular
masses to be "little
self-powered spray
pumps."
When we "charge up"
an accumulator, such
as a steel sphere or
a
capacitor, we push
in the electrons so
that they pack
closer
together, and we
thus increase the
virtual photon spray
density
because we've
accumulated more
sprayers in a
confined volumetric
region. The
volumetric spray
density represents
the magnitude of
the electrostatic
scalar potential
(ESP), in this
analogy.
Contrary to
conventional wisdom,
Whittaker proved
that this scalar
potential - this
"spray density" - is
internally organized
into
hidden, flowing,
bidirectional EM
waves.[14] EM
forcefield wave
Energy is flowing in
both directions. In
the electrostatic
scalar
potential, the net
Poynting vector
resultant is zero,
but it is a
"sum-zero system"
composed of an
infinite set of
opposite but equal
finite Poynting
vectors. That zero
vector resultant is
a scalar EM
potential. It's got
lots and lots of EM
energy flowing both
in and
out simultaneously,
but these flows are
normally balanced
and in
equilibrium.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The Overunity
Electrical Machine's
Secret
However, if we could
tap the EM energy in
those hidden EM
waves
flowing oppositively
inside the ESP, we
could extract EM
energy from
the vacuum. We could
"gate" some of the
spray energy, that
comes in
from the vacuum to
the charged
particle, into the
external circuit
instead of back out
to the vacuum. If
so, we can use that
"extracted and
externally gated EM
energy" to power a
load.
The "nucleus as a
Whittaker-pumped
phase conjugate
mirror" mechanism
I found in 1986,
furnished to Floyd
Sweet in early 1987,
and
released in 1991
allows precisely
that tapping and
gating
capability.
Page 11
Here's the magic
secret of all
electrical
over-unity machines:
1) TAP THE VIRTUAL
PHOTON SPRAY.
2) TAP THE ENERGY IN
THE MASSLESS VACUUM
POTENTIAL.
3) DO NOT RELEASE
THE SPRAY PUMPS.
4) DO NOT ALLOW
CURRENT FLOW IN THAT
PART OF THE CIRCUIT
WHERE
THE CHARGE PUMPS ARE
COLLECTED TO CREATE
THE POTENTIAL.
5) OR AT LEAST ALLOW
ONLY THE ABSOLUTE
MINIMUM OF
FLOW/BLEED-OFF
THERE, OF THE PUMPS.
6) ORGANIZE, GATE,
AND APPLY THE
POTENTIAL SPRAY TO
THE EXTERNAL
CIRCUIT, WHERE IT
WILL ATTACH TO
AVAILABLE ELECTRONS,
FORMING
FORCE FIELDS,
VOLTAGE, AND
CURRENTS TO PUMP
ELECTRONS AROUND
THE CIRCUIT.
7) USE THOSE
EXTERNALLY POWERED
FIELDS AND CURRENTS
TO POWER THE
LOAD.
You can freely tap
the potential's VPF
"spray" forever,
once one is
created in the
vacuum. As fast as
you scavenge out the
power in the
spray, it is just
renewed by the
continued pumping of
the charged
particle "spray
pumps." Nature and
nature's excited
vacuum potential
"flux-spray" provide
and replenish that
pumping and that
power, for
free, forever.
So the altered
vacuum (potential)
is a universal
"virtual-photon-
flux fuel" if you
construct your power
units correctly. But
you
must engineer things
one step deeper than
the present
seriously
flawed
electromagnetics
prescribes.
Similar
constructions give
the secret of
gravity and
antigravity,
and how to engineer
them as well.
However, that is
beyond the scope
of this paper.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
All Systems Are Open
To Vacuum Flux
Exchange
As we stated, our
attention is no
longer directed to
scalar EM
weapons, but to the
Phase II operation.
That is progressing;
there
are at present
several legitimate
devices or processes
that produce
overunity. We
reiterate that this
is nothing mystical;
none of
these systems or
processes is a
closed system, so
closed-system
energy conservation
need not apply
locally.
Indeed, there is
really no such thing
in the universe as a
truly
closed system,
anywhere. Every
system is open to
the vacuum's
virtual particle
flux, and is in fact
already in a
fantastic virtual
particle exchange
with the vacuum.
Normally, however,
the influx
and the outflux are
equal in absolute
magnitude; hence the
system is
in internal
equilibrium
vis-a-vis the
vacuum.
However, if one
breaks the
equilibrium in this
internal flux
exchange, and
organizes and gates
a portion of that
influx on out of
the atom and into
the external
circuits, one can
power an external
electromagnetic load
directly from the
extracted vacuum
energy.
It is no more
mysterious than
placing a
paddlewheel in a
flowing
stream, to extract
some useful energy
as shaft horsepower.
We just
have a more esoteric
stream and a more
esoteric
paddlewheel.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 12
In Conclusion
We also point out
that there are no
irrevocable "laws"
of nature.
Every so-called "law
of physics" is just
a great and useful
generalization,
based on certain
fixed assumptions,
that holds in a
broad area. If the
assumptions are
violated, however,
the law need
no longer hold, and
it can be violated.
Scientific proof is
proof by the
experimental method,
not by the
authoritarian
pronouncements of
orthodox scientists.
Unfortunately,
orthodoxy as yet
knows nothing of the
process we are
advancing, or
of scalar
electromagnetics. In
the unorthodox
experimental arena,
however, scalar EM
is still a newborn
infant in the womb,
but it is
thriving and
advancing. It is up
to us to serve as
midwives and get
the infant born.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTES AND REFERENCES
1. T.E. Bearden and
Walter Rosenthal,
"On a testable
unification of
electromagnetics,
general relativity,
and quantum
mechanics,"
Proceedings of the
26th Intersociety
Energy Conversion
Engineering
Conference, August
4-9, 1991, Boston,
Massachusetts.
2. Floyd Sweet and
T.E. Bearden,
"Utilizing scalar
electromagnetics
to tap vacuum
energy," Proceedings
of the 26th
Intersociety
Energy Conversion
Engineering
Conference (IECEC
'91), August 4-
9, 1991, Boston,
Massachusetts.
3. E.T. Whittaker,
"On the partial
differential
equations of
mathematical
physics,"
Mathematische
Annalen, Vol. 57,
1903, p.
333-355. See also
V.K. Ignatovich,
"The remarkable
capabilities of
recursive
relations," American
Journal of
Physics, 57(10),
Oct. 1989, p.
873-878. See also
Richard W.
Ziolkowski,
"Localized
transmission of wave
energy," Proc. SPIE
Vol. 1061, Microwave
and Particle Beam
sources and Directed
Energy Concepts,
Jan. 1989, p.
396-397.
4. This
self-oscillation in
barium compounds is
well-known in
nonlinear optics,
although it is
usually
experimentally
accomplished in the
optical frequency
regime. Sweet
brilliantly
discovered how to
initiate this
self-oscillation or
self-pumping
at ELF frequencies,
such as 60 Hz.
5. For a statement
of the distortion
correction theorem,
see Amnon
Yariv, Optical
Electronics, Third
Edition, Holt,
Rinehart and
Winston, New York,
1985, p. 500-501.
See also David M.
Pepper,
"Nonlinear optical
phase conjugation,"
Optical Engineering,
21(2), March/April
1982, p. 156-183 for
a good overview of
optical phase
conjugation.
6. Shortly below,
energy will be
defined as a certain
kind of
order. So the
present "definition"
of energy actually
is
stating that "order
is the disordering
of order." In that
form,
the logical
contradiction in the
"definition" is
immediately
apparent.
7. E.T. Whittaker,
1903, ibid.
Page 13
8. This is true
because the wave and
antiwave are
interferring.
Such interference
produces galloping
waves, whose
instantaneous
velocity varies from
the speed of light.
The galloping wave
slows to, say, 0.01
c, then rushes
forward
again at 100 c, then
slows, then speeds
up, and so on. Its
average velocity is
c. But its
instantaneous
velocity is
usually anything but
c. See William G.
Harter, John Evans,
Roberto Vega, and
Sanford Wilson.
"Galloping waves and
their
relativistic
properties."
American Journal of
Physics, 53(7),
July 1985, p.
671-679.
9. Occasionally yet
another physicist
discovers that
photon
interaction is
actually binary, and
that we ignore or
discard
half of almost all
of our measurements.
For example, see
Richard Kidd et al,
"Evolution of the
Modern Photon,"
American
Journal of Physics,
57(1), Jan. 1989, p.
27-35. See also R.
Chen, "Cancellation
of Internal Forces,"
American Journal of
Physics, 49(4), Apr.
1981, p. 372.
10. Essentially this
has been
experimentally
proven. E.g., when
one
has a phase
conjugate material,
it may emit either
photons (a
normal wave) or
antiphotons (a
time-reversed or
phase-conjugate
wave).
Now, if I am right
as to the genesis of
Newtonian 3rd law
reaction force, then
when the material
emits a
time-reversed
wave, or an
antiphoton, the
material should not
recoil. Such
experiments have in
fact been done in
nonlinear optics
experiments, and
"inexplicably" a
phase conjugate
mirror
material does not
recoil when it emits
an antiphoton or a
phase
conjugate wave,
seemingly violating
Newton's third law!
So it
seems I am correct
after all.
11. In the modern GR
view, all trapped
energy is
gravitational. It
is the trapped EM
energy in mass,
e.g., that is
gravitational.
Mass is in fact a
highly intense mass
potential.
Since any scalar
potential is also a
form of trapped EM
energy,
that energy - and
hence the potential
also - is
gravitational in
nature.
12. E.T. Whittaker,
"On an expression of
the electromagnetic
field
due to electrons by
means of two scalar
potential
functions,"
Proceedings of the
London Mathematical
Society, Series 2,
Vol.
1, 1904, p. 367-372.
Here Whittaker
demonstrates that
the
present forcefield
electromagnetics can
be replaced by
scalar
potential
interferometry. And
I'm called a lunatic
for speaking
of scalar
interferometry!
Rigorously the
scalar potential is
composed of a
dynamic,
opposing vector
forcefield wave
internal structure.
Internally
it's vectorial;
externally it's
scalar. Whittaker
1903 tells
how to make standing
scalar potentials;
these can be made as
beams.
And one can then
interfere the two
scalar EM beams to
produce EM
force fields
directly in distant
charged particle
systems, by
Whittaker 1904.
Page 14
13. E.T. Whittaker,
1904, ibid.
14. Mathematically
these hidden waves
may be modeled as
hyperspatial
waves.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
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BACKGROUND FOR
PURSUING SCALAR
ELECTROMAGNETICS
T. E. Bearden
February 1992
Note
This informal paper
is augmented and
adapted from a
letter to a
young senior in EE,
who was planning to
pursue his
doctorate, and
asked for advice in
understanding the
scalar
electromagnetics
area and choosing
either physics or EE
as a major. The
reply
back to the student
enclosed several
formal background
papers.
[1][2] This paper is
a sort of "executive
summary" of scalar
EM.
To Correspondent
Delighted to see you
are interested in
the material and the
approach; I will try
to give you some
quick answers to
your main
questions.
Best is to simply
start with my latest
book,
Gravitobiology, from
the Tesla Book Co.,
POB 12183, Chula
Vista, CA 91912,
phone (619)
426-8213.
Two Kinds of
Electromagnetics
Specifically, you
must understand that
there are two kinds
of EM.
One is flawed and in
the normal
textbooks, and you
will study it
in your education
process. The other
kind is not in your
textbooks at all,
but it is in some
good technical
papers, if you
know what they are,
what to read, and
how to put them
together.
By the time you get
your doctorate,
hopefully scalar
electromagnetics
will be in fashion
at most of the
leading
universities.
For the second,
unknown kind of EM,
you should read the
two
Whittaker papers
bound in as Annexes
to the
Gravitobiology book.
[3][4] They give you
the basic theory you
need, for the
internal
EM and for scalar EM
potential
interferometry.
Study them until
the material is
coming out of your
ears in your sleep.
Page 1
Internal EM
Structure of the
Scalar Potential
Briefly, Whittaker
shows you that a
scalar EM potential
is
comprised of
bidirectional EM
wave pairs, where
the pairs are
harmonics and
phase-locked
together. In each
coupled
wave/antiwave pair,
a true forward-time
EM wave is coupled
to a
time-reversal of
itself __ its phase
conjugate replica
antiwave.
The two waves are
spatially in phase,
but temporally they
are 180
degrees out of
phase. That combined
energy thus stresses
the
"time dimension',
and in fact alters
the local rate of
flow of
time itself. Please
note how fundamental
that statement is.
Everything may be
said to exist in
time, or "move along
in time,"
or to "be in linear
motion along the
time axis." When you
stress
and alter the rate
of flow of time, you
also affect all
those
time-present things
such as inertia of
an object, mass of
the
object, its angular
momentum, clock
rates, etc. You
directly
engineer local
general relativity,
and you
electromagnetically
curve local
spacetime.
Time Reversal and
the Time-Reversed EM
Wave
You must understand
time-reversal and
the time-reversed EM
wave
[5] itself,
including the theory
of the phase
conjugate mirror
and of the pumped
phase conjugate
mirror (from
nonlinear optics.)
Yariv [6] Chapter 16
and Pepper [7][8]
are key to that
understanding. Study
these references
also until the
material is
coming out of your
ears in your sleep.
Also study Sachs'
overview of time
reversal in physics.
[9] Here
you will find that
time-reversal still
isn't well
understood at
all, but Sachs does
a marvelous job in
presenting what is
known
and used. You should
also realize that a
time-reversed (TR)
wave
is seen by the
observer in his own
"forward time."
Hence he sees
the wave spatially
reversed. In short,
he sees the same
thing as
he would see if a
movie __ of the wave
expressed as a
forward
time wave __ were
simply reversed. So
the TR wave
ever-converges
on its course,
rather than
diverges.
Convergence is the
time-
reversal of
divergence. Apply
similar TR processes
to other
characteristics of a
normal wave, by
letting the movie
film run
backward in your
mind. Notice
particularly what
happens to the
forward-time entropy
of scattered waves
__ it becomes
negentropy
when you
time-reverse the
scattered waves. You
can recover
"order" or "energy"
even after it's been
scattered in
performing
work, by phase
conjugate
reflection. And then
you can use it
again. Remember,
every system is
driven, with
continual input
and output of
energy. We are not
violating the
conservation of
energy of a closed
system, because we
are not talking
about a
closed system.
Destroy the Mystique
of Entropy
Remove in your mind
the neo-religious
mystique built up
around
the entropy concept.
The two serious
postulations
(assumptions)
of entropy are (1)
every component is a
forward-time
critter,
with no
time-reversed
critters allowed,
and (2) random
variable
statistics is
assumed a priori.
With the Whittaker
decomposition
of the scalar
potential into a
surprising and
perfectly ordered
set of harmonic
biwave pairs, you
have blown away the
random
variable statistics
assumption. By phase
conjugate mirror
Page 2
production of
time-reversed EM
waves, you have
blown away the
forward-time
assumption. So
entropy isn't what
it used to be,
and the second law
of thermodynamics is
not a mystical,
irrevocable law of
nature at all. To
believe that it is,
is
dogma, not science.
Entropy can be
transformed directly
into
negentropy, and
negentropy can even
be amplified.
Specifically,
the pumped phase
conjugate mirror
does exactly that.
Statistical
Gravitons and
Coupled Photons
Then consider the
Whittaker EM biwave
structure of the
potential
again, from the
particle viewpoint.
The wave is made of
photons,
and the antiwave is
made of antiphotons.
Since the wave and
antiwave in each set
are perfectly
correlated, so must
be the
photons/antiphotons.
The waves are
passing through each
other,
so to speak, in the
time dimension only.
They are perfectly
coordinated
spatially. Thus so
are the
photon/antiphoton
pairs.
That is, the photons
and antiphotons are
continually coupling
and
decoupling, in each
wave/antiwave pair.
Since all the
wave/antiwave sets
are phase-locked,
then one has the
unusual
feature that this
potential in the
local spacetime has
formed a
spacetime lattice,
perfectly organized
both spatially and
temporally. Further,
when a photon and
antiphoton are
coupled,
the resulting system
has helicity-2. This
spin-2 entity is a
graviton. However,
it is not a hard
particle, because it
is
continually forming
and unforming. Hence
it is a statistical
graviton.
Occasionally, more
than two photons
couple;
occasionally the
coupling opportunity
is missed. We are
interested in the
average coupling's
spin value; that may
be
either integral or
fractional. What is
happening in the
Whittaker spacetime
lattice __ with
respect to the
photon
coupling and
decoupling __ is
that energy is
oscillating back and
forth between
expression as EM
energy/order
(photons decoupled)
and expression as
gravitational
energy/order
(photons coupled).
The statistical
graviton process is
not confined to
helicity-2
gravitons, since the
spin-2 value just
represents the
average
coupling. Spin-2
statistical
gravitons represent
or produce a
flat local
spacetime, since the
lattice has no
surplus or
shortage of either
photons or
antiphotons. Indeed,
we may regard
the coupled photons
and antiphotons as a
special sort of
"Dirac
sea," similar to the
Dirac sea of
negative energy
electrons.
Depending upon the
helicity, the
spacetime may have
an excess of
deficiency of
photons, in which
case it is said to
be curved.
Also, it can thus
serve as a source or
a sink, depending
upon
whether the hidden
photon sea has a
surplus or a
deficiency.
Graviton Helicity
and Spacetime
Curvature
Note that we are
often using the term
"photons" to mean
either
photons or
antiphotons.
If in the
statistical graviton
we increase the
photon coupling to
__ say __ 2.1
photons average,
then this provides
gravitons of
spin 2.1. In this
case the local
spacetime is curved,
since it
has an excess EM
energy density, as
compared to normal
ambient
vacuum. It has an
excess of photons,
so to speak, and can
thus
serve as a photon
source (an EM energy
source). If the
averaged
coupling is 1.9,
say, then the local
spacetime is curved
in the
Page 3
opposite direction.
In that case, the
vacuum is deficient
in
photons, and can act
as a sink for EM
energy.
An Asymmetrical
Vacuum Violates
Local Conservation
In a locally curved
spacetime, then, one
may have either an
energy source or an
energy sink,
depending upon how
one makes or
engineers this local
vacuum/spacetime. In
a curved local
spacetime, the local
vacuum/spacetime
interacts directly
with a
system placed there,
and it can be
designed to produce
either
extra energy in the
system or absorb
energy from the
system. A
curved local
spacetime is a
locally asymmetrical
spacetime. With
this violation of
symmetry, most of
the conservation
laws can be
broken locally. One
can readily have
magnetic monopoles
also, in
such a locally
curved system. [10]
These violated laws
include
conservation of
energy, electrical
charge, magnetic
charge,
momentum, etc. The
vacuum itself
becomes an engine,
to perform
work upon the
system.
Using the Inner
Hidden EM Order of
Entropy
With the pumped
phase conjugate
mirror concept, you
can decompose
negentropic EM
scattering stress
energy (even heat)
into ordered
bidirectional sets
of Whittaker waves,
use these Whittaker
waves
as pump waves
inputting to a phase
conjugate
mirror(PCM),
"tickle" the PCM
with a very small
"signal" wave input,
and get
out all of the
entropic pump energy
back in perfect
order, as a
powerfully amplified
time-reversed phase
conjugate replica
(PCR)
of the little signal
wave.
If you look in that
fashion at Tesla's
magnifying
transmitter
that he built on
Long Island, you
will see that he
really is
treating the earth
itself as a pumped
phase conjugate
mirror, and
he is using his
transmitter to
provide a stimulus
wave into the
earth. When things
are done right
(there's also one or
two more
requirements), when
so stimulated the
scalar EM potential
represented by the
heat and pressure
energy of the
earth's
interior will
partially organize
itself internally as
sets of
Whittaker pump
waves. The
combination of these
Whittaker
bidirectional EM
waves and the highly
nonlinear material
of the
earth then become a
pumped phase
conjugate mirror
(PPCM).
Tesla's transmitter
is furnishing the
"stimulus" wave to
cause
internal Whittaker
bidirectional
self-ordering to
occur (actually
through nonlinear
harmonic and
subharmonic
resonance).
Now suppose the
earth has been
"stimulated" in this
fashion, and
has become a PPCM
earth. By standard,
orthodox, nonlinear
optics
theory, proved by
thousands of
experiments and
papers in the
literature, you can
then input a small
"signal wave" from a
distant transmitter
anywhere on earth,
at the distant
locality,
and there you will
receive back from
the PPCM earth an
amplified
phase conjugate
replica (PCR) wave,
with far more energy
in it
than you put in, in
your signal wave. So
you can use Tesla's
approach to directly
organize the
enormous heat and
pressure
energy of the earth,
forming them
(considered as a
scalar
potential) into a
giant "standing
Whittaker pump wave"
in the
earth, and tap that
Whittaker wave
anywhere else in the
world
that you transmit in
another little
signal wave. In late
April
to early May of
1985, Frank Golden
detected and
measured the
Page 4
Soviets doing
precisely that, on
27 pairs of EM pump
wave
frequencies, 12
kilohertz apart.
[11] Almost
incredible
electrical power was
being extracted from
the earth, to power
enormous Soviet
directed energy
weapons as part of
the May Day
celebrations for the
40th anniversary of
the end of World War
II
against the Nazis.
Pumped Phase
Conjugation as a
Negentropic Process
In other words, you
can defeat entropy
disordering by this
pumped
PCM means. You do it
by turning positive
(scattering)
(entropic)
energy of the pump
waves into negative
(gathering)
(negentropic)
energy of the
amplified PCR wave.
Note that almost all
of what
you were taught
about entropy
assumes that all
components of the
entropic system are
time-forward
components, and that
none of
them are
time-reversed
components. It would
be nice if the
leading
thermodynamics
experts would do
some real hard work
with
Whittaker
potentials, internal
EM biwave structures
of scalar
potentials, PCMs,
pumped PCMs, and
time-reversed waves
in
general, not just at
optical frequencies,
and not just with
obscure
electro-optical
devices.
Time Reversal and
Correction of
Disorder
Be sure you
understand Yariv's
statement of the
distortion
correction theorem.
[12] The principle
is awkwardly named,
but
it contains the gist
of engineerable
negentropy. Read it
and say
it over and over,
until your mind
grasps its fantastic
implications. You
can easily make a
wave that will
restore
former order after
the scattering of
that order. Realize
also
that the
time-reversed wave
is a general
solution to the wave
equation. Any kind
of wave __ EM,
sound, mechanical,
whatever __
can be
phase-conjugated/time-reversed
in this manner. In
his New
York lab, Tesla
apparently did it
first, with
mechanical
vibration waves,
before the turn of
the century. [13]
His later
telegeodynamics [14]
actually envisioned
the use of time-
reversed, laser-like
mechanical waves
that traveled
through the
earth's crust to a
distant point. He
also understood the
use of
two such beams from
separated separate
transmitters, so
that the
beams met and
crossed at that
distant point, to
reproduce __ by
scalar
interferometry __
the mechanical
effects desired at
that
point. Whittaker's
1904 paper will show
you that
interference of
two such scalar
potentials will
indeed produce
ordinary force
fields in the
interference zone.
You can fairly
readily produce
force fields at a
distance. By
calculation of the
form of
potential needed,
you can even produce
them in the
geometric
patterns and
directions you wish.
Ball lightning,
e.g., is one
of nature's ways of
using
distance-independent
scalar
interferometry to
produce such
stabilized
geometrical forms of
EM
energy. Try finding
any other
laboratory-testable
explanation of
ball lightning in
the physics and
electrical
engineering
curricula!
Whittaker and the
Aharonov-Bohm Effect
You must also
understand what the
Aharonov-Bohm (AB)
effect is.
Read carefully the
cited AB 1959 paper.
[15] You must also
comprehend the fact
that Whittaker's
work in 1903 and
1904 had
already anticipated
the AB effect, and
drastically extended
it
Page 5
engineerably and in
a
distance-independent
manner, into the
macroscopic world,
far beyond the
several thousand
angstroms to
which it has now
been laboriously
proven by modern
physicists.
A Basic Knowledge of
Atomic Nuclei
You need to know a
little something
about atomic nuclei,
isotopes, isomers,
etc. A variety of
introductory nuclear
physics or nuclear
engineering books
have the necessary
material
in a few chapters.
Vacuum Is a Plenum,
Not an Emptiness
You need to also
understand what the
vacuum is. My own
later
work will give you
an overall grasp of
that, and for deeper
understanding you
can check cited
references that
appeal to you.
[16][17][18][19][20]
I warn you that
we've all been so
conditioned to think
of the vacuum as
"nothing" and an
"emptiness," that it
takes some doing to
overcome that
deep-set,
unconscious bias in
one's own thinking.
The Major Physics
Disciplines Are
Inconsistent
You need to be aware
that there are
serious conflicts
and
inconsistences
existing between
general relativity,
electromagnetics,
and quantum
mechanics. [21]
Physics is not
unified, and it is
not even consistent.
No one, for example,
even knows what a
photon really is.
[22] It is not just
a
localized particle,
that much is sure;
it's more like a
delta
appearing in the
calculated constant
of each frequency
term in an
infinite Fourier
expansion series. In
fact we've got four
major
photon models, all
different, and we
just plug in
whichever model
has been found to
give the right
answers for a
particular
application. [23] As
another example, the
field concept is
known
to be fundamentally
in error, but it is
so useful that it
continues to be
widely utilized.
[24]
Force Fields Versus
Potentials
The conflict between
QM and EM is
particularly
poignant in
regards to what
causes
electromagnetic
phenomena in the
first
place. [25] In
classical EM theory
the forcefields are
considered the
primary causes, and
the potentials are
just sort
of mathematical
conveniences. In
quantum mechanics,
however, you
have exactly the
contrary view.
There, the
potentials are the
primary causes, and
the force fields are
secondary effects,
created in the
charged particle
system itself by the
interference
there of the
potentials. Vacuum
is pure potential,
nothing else.
[26] The forcefields
do not even exist in
the vacuum, but only
in the charged
particle system
itself, with which
the
potentialized vacuum
interacts.
You cannot have the
classic EM force
field in the vacuum,
a
priori. You can't
and don't have a
force field except
when you
introduce a charge
into a potential
gradient. There's
never been
an E-field or a
B-field in the
vacuum as such;
never has been,
and never will be.
The classical EM
model is flat wrong
on that.
Page 6
Even Feynman pointed
out in his three
volumes of physics
that
only the potential
for the forcefield
exists in the
vacuum, not
the forcefield
itself. [27] You've
got to understand
this point.
The inclusion of
vacuum forcefields
is a major screw-up
in
classical EM that
prevents real
understanding of the
vacuum's
potentialization and
local interaction
with physical
systems.
Take the definition
of an E-field: E =
F/q, where q is
charged
mass. If you don't
have any charged
mass, you can't
possibly
have any force per
unit charged mass,
from the definition
a
priori. Try an
analogy where E is
the number of fish
per bucket
of water, F is the
number of fish in
all the buckets of
water,
and q is the number
of buckets of water.
If you have no
buckets
of water at all, for
example, you cannot
possibly have any
fish
per bucket of water,
a priori. If you
have a lot of fish
around,
but no buckets of
water, however, you
have the potential
for fish
per bucket of water,
should you bring in
some buckets of
water
and couple the fish
to them (put them in
the buckets of
water).
The Quantum
Mechanical Vacuum
To understand what
is in the vacuum,
you need to
appreciate the
quantum mechanical
view of the vacuum.
In that view,
spontaneous
creation and
annihilation of
particles occur at
an incredible
rate. Each particle
is formed, then
disappears, so
quickly that
it cannot be
individually
observed. But it is
real while it is
existing, because in
quantum field theory
the exchange of
virtual
particles generates
all the forces of
nature. We call such
a
fleeting or ghostly
particle a virtual
particle. Of
particular
interest is that
enormous numbers of
virtual photons
continually
appear and disappear
in the vacuum. The
vacuum is thus a
fiery,
seething cauldron of
incredible EM
energy, but the EM
energy is
essentially
disintegrated. At
any rate,
electromagnetically
the
quantum mechanical
vacuum to first
order consists of an
incredible flux of
virtual photons.
[28]
So to be more
precise, in the
quantum mechanical
vacuum you do
not have observable
charged mass, but
you do have virtual
charged
mass. So you can
have a virtual
E-field in the
vacuum, which is
just a potential
gradient without the
presence of
observable
charged mass
particles. [29]
Let's look a bit
deeper:
Detected EM Waves
Are Electron
Precession Waves
Because of the spin
of the
electron/particle,
that potential
gradient in the
vacuum __ that
interacts, e.g.,
with an electron
in a detector probe
wire __ is actually
oriented
longitudinally,
at right angles to
the present notion
of a transverse
wave.
Let's see why: The
conduction electron
in the wire is
relatively
constrained [30] by
all the other
conduction electrons
ahead of
it pushing back when
it tries to
accelerate. Being
constrained
longitudinally but
spinning, it acts
then as a gyro, and
precesses laterally
(from the direction
of the disturbing
"force". If a vacuum
potential gradient
"virtual force"
pushes
on that spinning
electron gyro in a
wire probe, the
spinning
electron must move
at right angles to
the direction of the
virtual force,
because its movement
is mostly
precession.
Page 7
Conduction electrons
thus don't move down
the wire at the
"disturbing force's"
signal velocity;
instead, they
precess
sideways, and
occasionally "slip"
forward down the
wire a bit
during their
precession. They
thus "drift" along
down the wire
at centimeters per
second or so __ not
even approaching the
signal velocity
(i.e., the velocity
of the change in
potential as
the change moves
down the wire). The
signal velocity down
the
wire is only
slightly less than
the speed of light
in vacuum,
which is about
300,000,000 meters
per second. [31][32]
The
lateral or
transverse EM
forcefield waves we
measure in our
probes and
instruments __ and
erroneously model in
our theory as
existing in the
vacuum __ are
actually electron
translation waves
in the charged
particle system (the
detector). Since
that
translation is
precession, the
measured EM
transverse waves are
actually electron
precession waves.
They are not at all
what is
in the vacuum.
Instead, they are
what is in the
electron gas in
the wires and
circuits of our
detectors and
instruments.
EM Waves in the
Vacuum Are
Longitudinal
Since the
interacting/disturbing
virtual E-field (the
massless
potential gradient)
"force" in the
vacuum must be
oriented at
right angles to the
detected precession
movement of the
electrons, then the
EM waves in vacuum
are actually "waves
of
potential gradients"
and are
longitudinal. It
appears that
Nikola Tesla was
quite correct on
this, you see, and
all the
modern textbooks are
quite wrong. [33]
So you cannot have
an observable
E-field in the
vacuum, contrary
to what classical EM
theory and your
physics text
prescribe,
because it would
require the presence
of observable
charged
particles, none of
which are there. It
would in fact
require the
presence of the
mechanical ether, a
notion that was
destroyed
before the turn of
the last century.
You do have virtual
charged
particles present in
the vacuum, and the
gradients in the
vacuum/virtual
domain are
longitudinal, not
transverse.
Why Maxwell Assumed
Transverse EM Waves
When Maxwell wrote
his theory, he used
a mechanical model
of the
ether. [34] In that
model, thin but
observable mass
"fluid" is
assumed to comprise
and fill the vacuum.
Accordingly, Maxwell
assumed observable
forcefields and
transverse EM waves
to exist
also, since that is
what is measured in
the electron gas in
our
probes and
detectors. The
electron had not
been predicted yet,
and electricity was
considered to be a
thin material fluid,
as
was the
"luminiferous
ether." Decades
later, the notion of
a
mechanical ether was
destroyed
experimentally, [35]
but Maxwell's
mechanical-ether-based
EM model __ as by
then long-since
"interpreted" from
quaternions into
vectors, by
Heaviside and
Gibbs __ was not
changed accordingly.
With respect to the
form
of EM waves in
vacuum, the
Heaviside/Gibbs
vector
interpretation
model has been in
error a long time __
just as was its
Maxwellian
quaternionic
predecessor __ and
it's still in error,
contrary to
what they taught you
in your textbooks
and classes.
There Is a Mechanism
for the Flow of Time
Note in passing that
the scattering
interaction of the
external
Page 8
EM with the electron
shells of atoms
primarily creates
the basic
quantum changes that
in turn create and
control the nature
of the
macroscopic flow of
time. In other
words, a quantum
consists of
action, or "energy
times time." It
carries not only a
piece of
energy, but also a
piece of time.
[36][37][38] Keep
that firmly
in mind for the
following:
A photon is freed EM
energy. Its thing is
to travel at the
speed
of light. Mass is
trapped EM energy.
Its thing is to trap
photons and sit
there and hold them
as a densely packed
mass
potential. (more on
that later).
In the ubiquitous
photon interaction
with mass __
continual
photon absorption by
matter and photon
emission from it __
the
energy portion in
the absorbed quantum
(photon; free EM
energy)
turns into mass
(trapped EM energy).
Simply divide the
photon's
energy by c-squared
to get the amount of
extra resulting
mass.
However, absorption
of the energy
portion of the
photon leaves
its "time portion"
or "time tail"
attached to the
"excited" mass
that absorbed the
photon. Thus that
(formerly) mass __
that
absorbed the energy
portion of the
photon __ is now
"masstime"
and not mass.
Note that mass does
not exist in time.
Masstime does. Each
constituent particle
of the atom thus is
alternately existing
as
mass, masstime,
mass, masstime, etc.
Or in other words,
it's
flipping between
atom, atom-time,
atom, atom-time,
etc. states.
Think deeply about
that. Things don't
"flow through time"
continuously in the
manner universally
assumed. To the
macro
observer, of course,
the flipping is so
rapid that he cannot
see
it. So he sees the
macro world as solid
and continuous. At
the
micro level,
physical reality is
being created and
annihilated,
quantum by quantum
but at an incredible
rate.
Shortly after
absorbing the
photon, photon
emission from that
excited atom-time
occurs, and a bit of
the atom-time's mass
(the
trapped EM energy)
is reconverted back
to a new energy part
of a
photon (freed EM
energy). In the
photon
freeing/formation
process, this freed
"photon energy part"
absorbs/joins the
time
tail of the
atom-time as part of
itself. The emission
of this
photon "tears off
and carries away the
time tail" from the
mass/atom-time,
leaving behind
mass/atom again, and
not
(mass/atom)-time. So
a mass is
continually changing
into
masstime, then mass,
then masstime, then
mass, etc. The mass
"moves through time"
in little jumps, so
to speak, at a very
high
"jumping rate."
The result is that
the "time dimension"
connected to the
mass of
the observer or
instrument is not
continuous, but
discontinuous.
It's rather like a
switch being
repeatedly thrown
back and forth,
between off and on
states. A mass's
"passage through
time" is in
that vein. The "time
dimension" is
continually being
created and
destroyed, for each
particle of mass in
the
observer/instrument,
by photon
interaction. By the
creation portion,
things exist in
time, producing
causality and a
future and a past.
By the
destruction portion,
the future and the
past are
disconnected and
"lost." That's why
you can look in a
corner, and see the
three
length (spatial)
dimensions, but try
as you will, you
cannot see
the time dimension
at right angles to
them. It doesn't
exist as
Page 9
a continuous
dimension;
otherwise, you could
see into the past
and into the future.
Play around with
multiple masses and
multiple time flows
a bit,
and you'll discover
that there are ways
to "see into the
future
and the past," but's
that's way beyond
the scope of this
present
discussion! [Suffice
it to say that I
know one physicist
(PhD)
who has extensively
experimented with
that, and another
scientist
who has also
experimented with
it, but I am not at
liberty to
discuss the
results.].
External and
Internal
Electromagnetics
But to return. To
understand scalar
EM, as we said, you
must
understand that
there are actually
two kinds of
electromagnetics.
One is __ so to
speak __ only on the
external "surface
magnitude'
of the vacuum
potential, and the
other is in the
interior of the
vacuum potential.
The exterior kind is
spatial in nature;
the
interior kind is
hyperspatial in
nature.
(1) The exterior
kind of EM is caused
or due to the
potential magnitudes
and their gradients,
interacting with
charged particles
(forcefields);
that's the "normal"
kind.
In that kind the
theoretical EM
model's focus is on
the
forcefields as
causes, with the
potentials
themselves just
regarded as
mathematical
conveniences.
Certainly that
"normal" EM does not
contain any sort of
organized EM
structure inside,
and composing, the
scalar EM potential.
It just models the
scalar potential at
a point as a
magnitude, and the
vector potential at
a point as a
magnitude and
direction. Notice it
thus models only
local
action; it does not
model any sort of
action at a
distance.
The EM action is
considered __ and
described in the
classical EM model
__ as existing at a
point in space and
time. Further, the
local spacetime
itself is considered
not
to have any direct
causative EM
interaction there.
In other
words, there are
assumed to be no
local vacuum engines
__ no
Whittaker activation
of mass or the local
vacuum.
(2) There's also an
internal EM,
normally completely
inside
the scalar
potential, which
exists as "infolded"
harmonic
sets of EM
antiparallel
wave/antiwave pairs.
Whittaker 1903
describes that kind
of EM. This internal
EM was in
Maxwell's original
quaternion
equations, hidden in
the
scalar component
resultant that
remained when the
directional
components of
quaternions
interacted to form
directional zero
resultants. The
scalar component
resultant
of the interaction
often still
remained, and
infolded inside
itself (i.e., it
then consisted of)
scalar and vector
functions of the
yet-present-and-interacting
component
vectors. [39]
Today that part of
Maxwell's original
theory just appears
in
classical EM
Heaviside/Gibbs
theory as a vector
zero
resultant, which is
erroneously
discarded as if it
were a
complete absence of
EM. It is no such
thing; it is merely
the absence of EM
translation of
charged particles.
It
indeed is a
patterned EM-induced
gravitational stress
in
local spacetime, and
it is a little
"vacuum engine"
capable
Page 10
of working directly
on the atomic
nucleus. If you want
to
know what all the
fuss about the
difference between
Maxwell's 200-odd
quaternion equations
EM theory [40] and
the Heaviside/Gibbs
four vector
equations
curtailment/subset,
just look at the
difference between a
zero vector result
and a quaternion
resultant, in an
interaction where
the vector resultant
is zero but the
scalar component of
the quaternion
resultant remains.
Specifically, look
mathematically at
the internal
functional
nature of that
remaining scalar
resultant __ the
part that's
thrown away in the
present theory.
(3) Note that the
internal EM is more
than just a model of
conditions at a
point. In addition
to that, it
prescribes a
hyperspatial,
bidirectional flow
of EM transverse
wave
energy at the point,
into and out of it,
into it from afar
and away from it
back to afar, on an
infinite number of
phase-locked
frequencies. In
other words, the
internal EM
energetically
connects conditions
at a point with
essentially all the
other points in the
universe. And when
we interfere two
such scalar
potentials, we are
actually
interfering both of
those sets of an
infinite number of
bidirectional EM
waves. (See
Whittaker's second
paper,
1904). [41] It
doesn't matter where
the interference
zone
occurs; it can be a
million miles away,
or a light-year
away. The
interference
accomplishes
"outfolding," and
creates "normal" or
"exterior" EM
effects.
Specifically, it
creates force fields
and patterns of them
__ both static and
dynamic __ on
charged particle
systems. The
internal EM
thus prescribes and
models action at a
distance, and
incorporates the
"normal" exterior EM
as a special case of
local scalar
interferometry.
Whittaker rigorously
proved
this mathematically.
Zero-Translation-Vector-Resultant
Systems
You must also do
some thinking about
the scalar envelope
nature
of a series of
finite, nonzero,
interacting
translation vectors
which result in a
zero-vector
resultant for
translation. They
still form an
internally active
system, and their
action cannot
be ignored if one is
to grasp the total
physics of the
situation.
Not all vector
zeroes are equal __
it is a serious
fallacy of
vector analysis to
equate them, and
also to equate all
of them as
"total absences."
[42] There's a great
deal of difference
in two
identical tanks, one
of which is truly
empty, and one which
is
filled with a gas
under enormous
pressure. Neither is
translating, but
which one would you
prefer to cut into
with a
cutting torch? As an
example, the
resultant system of
two
equally forceful
elephants pushing
fiercely against
each other
may not translate,
so they will do no
external translation
work
on an external
system. But they do
struggle fiercely
against
each other, and put
a lot of stress in
there, and each is
constantly working
furiously. The
system isn't doing
external
translation work,
but it's doing a
whale of a lot of
internal
work, of one
elephant on the
other. [That, after
all, is what
internal stress is
__ it's a condition
of internal work
being
continually
performed on the
parts of a system,
without external
translation of the
system.]
Page 11
Internal EM Energy
As Continual
Internal Work
Now two matched
fleas pushing
together would be
the same sort of
"zero vector
translation" system
as the system of two
matched
elephants. But if
one thinks that all
vector zero
resultants are
really equal, and
really are the total
absence of work and
force,
just try standing
between the
elephants and then
between the
fleas, and compare
your two
experiences. I think
you can
immediately see a
great difference in
the two systems! I
also
think you can see
that you really
shouldn't neglect
the internal
energy trapped in
that
zero-translation-vector
system. Many
learned professors
challenged with
standing between two
straining
elephants, to test
their notion that
the zero vector
system is a
"total absence of
force" type of zero
and is to be simply
discarded, just
don't seem to see
the humor in the
issue posed.
Instead, they are
quite apt to become
rather furious at
the
suggestion of
putting the issue to
such a practical and
definitive test. Ah,
me! They really will
not submit their
pronouncements to
scientific
verification or
validation by a
simple experiment!
[I am particularly
fond of challenging
the
ones who call me all
the dirty names, to
test it with the two
elephants.]
But in a physical
system, you might
ask, how can the
system, just
sitting there doing
nothing externally,
be continually
performing
internal work, which
requires continual
scattering of energy
inside itself?
Simple. All systems
are open, driven
systems __
driven by the VPF of
vacuum. Such a
system, in
equilibrium in
its driving flux
exchange flows, can
easily be constantly
performing internal
work. Again, it's
like sticking a
paddlewheel in a
river, without
connecting any
external load to
the shaft. The
system will just sit
there and
continually do
internal work, but
it will not be doing
any external
translation
work. Nontranslating
systems are just
"idling" systems, so
to
speak, driven by the
VPF exchange with
the vacuum. The
vacuum is
driving everything,
everywhere, anyway.
What Electrical
Charge Really Is
Nowhere in classical
EM does it tell you
what electrical
charge
is or what causes
it. For that
question, you will
have to dig
the answer out of
quantum mechanics
and quantum field
theory.
Briefly, the
electrical charge of
a mass is really its
violent
exchange of virtual
photons with the
vacuum. The charged
mass of
the particle is
continually
absorbing virtual
photons from the
surrounding vacuum,
and re-emitting them
back to the vacuum.
Actually, the
magnitude of the
electrical charge is
simply a
measure of the
volumetric intensity
of this virtual
photon flux
(VPF) exchange.
Also, it is fixed
only for a fixed
vacuum VPF
intensity, in which
it is embedded. It's
really discrete, not
quantized. If you
change the local
vacuum VPF flux
intensity (by
simply adding, e.g.,
a positive or
negative
electrostatic scalar
potential), you
create a "locally
excited vacuum," a
"locally
curved spacetime,"
and an altered
magnitude of the
charge on a
fundamental charged
particle located in
that excited
(potentialized)
vacuum. If you want
to get a Nobel
prize, then
perform some
experiments along
this line, to
demonstrate that the
electrical charge of
a particle is
discretized as a
function of
local vacuum VPF
intensity, but it is
not quantized, and
write it
Page 12
up and publish it in
a leading journal.
Of course if you do
your
experiments in an
unexcited (i.e.,
normal ambient)
vacuum, you'll
get the same answer
everyone else has
before you. Tesla,
however, certainly
held a very
different view, and
considered the
electron as having a
variable charge.
[43] A lot of things
in
your EE book were
simply assumed, back
there at the
beginning.
What Unorthodox
Researchers Mean By
"Free Energy"
Regarding your
present "free energy
is impossible"
education,
don't believe a lot
of what you were
told. If they didn't
even
get the definition
of energy correct __
and they didn't __
then
you might suspect
they really are not
too sure just what
kind of
energy is free for
the taking and what
kind is not. Many of
them
certainly don't seem
to recognize that
there's absolutely
no such
thing as a closed
system, anywhere in
the universe.
Everything
is open to a virtual
particle flux
exchange with the
vacuum, and
every system is
driven by that flux
and its energy.
Indeed,
every system is just
a complex order in
equilibrium in that
VPF
of vacuum, with
violent input and
output continually.
All we
mean by "free energy
device" is a device
that incorporates
some
sort of "gating
mechanism" to gate
out a bit of that
violent VPF
energy circulation
in and out of the
system. We just wish
to
gate some of the
vacuum energy that
runs in to the
nucleus __
catch it there
before it runs back
out to the vacuum,
and "gate"
it out to the
external circuit and
the load before it
is allowed
to scatter and run
back permanently to
the vacuum. It's no
different than
wishing to put a
paddlewheel in a
river, with a
sluice-box
arrangement to
divert some of the
river's water to the
load (the paddles)
and get shaft power
from the rushing
water,
before the water is
allowed to spill off
the paddles and
return
permanently back to
the river.
Local Energy
Conservation Can Be
Legitimately
Violated
"Conservation of
energy" ruthlessly
depends upon time
symmetry;
if time stress is
made asymmetrical
(as in
potentialization/curvature
of the local
vacuum/spacetime and
deliberately
altering its
Whittaker
structure), then
local
conservation of
energy is violated,
and the local vacuum
will
serve as a sink or a
source, depending
upon which way it's
potentialized. You
can easily violate
local conservation
of
energy by curving
local spacetime, if
you understand
Whittaker's
two papers. [44] He
already shows you
that, in the
potential at
a point, you've got
bidirectional EM
wave flows of
energy, in and
out, from all the
rest of the vacuum
in the universe.
That
exchange of the
vacuum is mostly
with the nucleus of
the atom,
for that's where
most of the mass
potential is. If you
"gate" a
little bit of the
inflowing EM
Whittaker wave
energy out to the
external circuits of
a device, you will
extract and use EM
energy
directly from the
vacuum source. As I
showed in the Sweet
vacuum
triode write-up,
there's at least one
major way of doing
just
that sort of gating
__ and the device
proves it.
On Self-Powered
Permanent Magnet
Devices
And they told you a
magnet won't turn
itself, didn't they?
Well,
that's not always
true. They never
heard of a kinetic
(activated) magnet,
which by definition
traps-in a special
vacuum
Page 13
engine function to
drive it. Floyd
Sweet activates the
magnets
in his vacuum triode
by a special
proprietary process,
after
which it can gate
energy out of the
vacuum into the
external load
circuit. Until the
nuclei are activated
to function as
controlled vacuum
engines, the device
is just an inert,
solid
state pattern of
materials, and quite
useless as a
generator.
Also, check the
Einstein-de Haas
effect for rigorous
proof of
additional
considerations in a
magnet other than
magnetic forces.
[45] In the standard
Einstein-de Haas
experiment using a
coil,
substitute the
linear field region
between two
permanent magnets
for the coil's field
region, and you will
see what I mean. The
Einstein-de Haas
effect is only a
little bitty white
crow, but
it's quite
sufficient to prove
that not all crows
are black. But
what if you could
make the crow grow?
Further, Howard
Johnson goes after a
self-powered
permanent motor
in a slightly
different fashion.
Imagine a "rotary
wheel" motor,
where one permanent
bar magnet is used
on the rotor and one
on
the stator. Suppose
the stator magnet
has its north pole
facing
the rotor, and the
rotor magnet has its
south pole facing
outward. As the
rotor magnet's south
pole approaches the
stator
magnet's north pole,
it is magnetically
attracted and
accelerates
toward it, producing
forceful torque and
shaft horsepower.
During the approach
phase, energy is
stored in the
flywheel as
mechanical energy.
Now just as the
magnetic south pole
on the
rotor is passing the
stator's north pole,
suppose you have
cleverly produced or
"activated" a little
region of
time-reversal
on the back side of
the stator's "north"
pole. In the time-
reversed region, the
north pole of the
stator functions
precisely
as if it were a
south pole, to an
external observer
(to the just-
departing rotor
south pole, for
example.).
Consequently, the
rotor finds itself
repelled on away
from the stator,
accelerating
yet again in the
same rotational
direction as before.
This
stores additional
energy in the
flywheel. As can be
seen, you
are now in an
"over-unity"
condition, and you
can power an
external load
continually.
In a real-world
device, you may not
get total
time-reversal at
the backside of the
stator magnet's
north pole, but only
partial
time reversal. So to
the departing south
pole of the rotor
magnet, the north
pole backside of the
stator magnet will
appear
to be a
much-weakened north
pole. It will still
extract back
some of the shaft
energy previously
stored in the
flywheel during
the approach phase,
but not all of it.
Hence the device is
still
in an "over-unity"
condition, and
energy __ though not
as much as
before __ can be
continually
extracted from it to
power an
external load.
In both cases, using
time-reversal we
have created a
region of
local time
asymmetry, so we can
locally violate
conservation of
energy. In this
fashion, you can
legitimately build a
permanent
magnet motor that
appears to be
"self-powered." The
entire
secret is how you
achieve the time
asymmetry in the
exactly
needed place. But
even with this
over-unity
condition, you are
not violating
overall conservation
of the universe as a
whole.
Remember, all
systems are driven.
This self-powered
permanent
magnet motor is
actually extracting
and gating energy
from the
local
now-asymmetrical
flux exchange of the
atoms/nuclei of the
magnet material with
the vacuum. It's
still a special sort
of
Page 14
paddlewheel in a
special sort of
river. Time
asymmetry, achieved
by using a
time-reversing
material and
process, furnishes
the
stream __ and
standard techniques
will furnish the
"paddlewheel."
Remember the
principle:
Conservation of
energy ruthlessly
depends
upon time symmetry.
If you're going to
locally violate
conservation of
energy, you must
establish and
utilize a local
time asymmetry. And
that can be done; at
our present
elemental
level of knowledge
of vacuum
engineering, it's
quite tricky, and
everything must be
precisely so and
highly nonlinear __
but it
can be done. And
it's really no more
mystical than
putting a
sluice-box
arrangement in a
flowing stream,
diverting some of
the
water to a
waterwheel, and
extracting shaft
horsepower.
We emphasize,
however, that you
cannot, cannot,
cannot make a
self-powered
permanent magnet
motor with
"ordinary" magnets
and
an "ordinary"
time-symmetrical
vacuum, no matter
how strong the
magnets, or what
exotic form you
twist them into. You
can make
one with activated
magnets and an
extraordinary
asymmetrical
vacuum, which have
locked-in time
asymmetry regions.
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Vacuum, Spacetime,
Frame, and All That
You also have to
make the notion of
"spacetime" less
mysterious.
It's just vacuum, by
the way, and
potential, and
energy. It's
also used in two
different senses:
(1) In general, when
a
specific frame has
not been imposed or
selected, and (2) in
specific, when a
specific frame has
been imposed and
selected.
When the specific
frame is imposed,
you've already
assumed that
you know the
conditions and
ordering of the
vacuum for the whole
universe, that the
distance between
every two points
(and the
time between them)
has been rigorously
measured and
determined
and fixed, etc.
You've already
assumed the
fundamental
operation
of the entire
universe, its
physics, everything!
So beware of
thinking just in a
fixed frame. In that
sort of thinking,
you've
got a lot of
built-in, sweeping,
global assumptions
that will
elude your
recognition unless
you're careful. Many
scientists
don't realize this.
They think in one
frame at a time, and
then
make grand
pronouncements about
the entire nature of
the
universe, not
realizing that they
already assumed
those answers
in the first place.
So watch out for the
trap of assuming
that "space" and
"spacetime" and
"vacuum" are all
synonymous with
"frame" and
"spacetime frame."
They're not. Vacuum
per se doesn't have
any
fixed length and
time; the observer's
mass reaction with
the
vacuum potential
determines and makes
those quantities.
The Speed of Light
Is Not a Universal
Constant
The speed of light
in vacuum is also
not a universal
constant.
[46] Sorry about
that. The speed of
light in a given,
specific
vacuum of specific
potential magnitude
is constant. Note
that to
first order the
vacuum is just
electrostatic scalar
potential and
therefore just
virtual photon flux.
The intensity of VPF
flux is
the electrical
charge density. So
the speed of light
in a given,
specific vacuum of
specific electrical
charge is constant.
But
if you change the
vacuum's ambient
electrical charge
density __
i.e., change the
value of that vacuum
potential's
magnitude __
you can make light
passing through go
faster or slower,
depending
upon whether you
decreased or
increased the vacuum
charge
density. [47]
Page 1
In fact, you can
make local time go
much faster or much
slower,
if you take the time
to substantially
activate the mass
potential, because
the VPF exchange
between vacuum and
mass
(nucleus) is far
greater in the mass
potential than in
any other
kind of potential. I
was once involved in
an unplanned
experiment where,
after several hours
of Frank Golden's
charging
the area with two
powerful scalar EM
wave generators, we
messed
up all the clocks in
the area __
grandfather
mechanical pendulum
clocks, electric
watches and clocks,
mechanical windup
clocks and
watches,
battery-operated
clocks, everything
__ because we
altered the ambient
"mass potential" of
the area. We charged
up
or activated all the
local mass, and in
doing so we made a
zone
in which time flowed
at a somewhat
different rate.
There were
other phenomena
which I am not at
liberty to discuss.
It
required four days
for the activation
to discharge, and
things to
return to normal.
The Multiple Nature
of "the" Ambient
Vacuum
Another problem is
that "the" ambient
laboratory vacuum we
normally have or
consider is really
jillions and
jillions of
vacua,
simultaneously, in
interference with
each other.
Spacetime, to the
first order you see,
is just
electrostatic
scalar potential.
(It's just scalar
potential, to nth
order,
without restriction
to considering just
virtual photons and
electromagnetics.).
Since that potential
isn't adequately
defined in physics
or EE either, I'm
sending some papers
with
proper definitions.
Actually, scalar
potentials (Vacua!
Spacetimes!) from
charged
particles __ both
static and dynamic
__ all over the
universe are
continually
interfering in each
differential volume
of the
observer's
spacetime.
Whittaker's first
paper tells us how
the
hidden EM energy
flows between any
point and every
other point in
the universe, right
through each of
these potentials
from distant
sources. By
Whittaker's 2nd
paper (1904), the
local interference
of these potentials
generates continual
scalar potential
gradients __ EM
forcefields, if you
will, when you stick
a
measuring charge in
the gradient to
provide observable
charged
particle translation
[which is what the
E-field, e.g., is
defined
in terms of]. The
rapidity of the
interfering changes
in the
local vacuum
potentials is
phenomenal, but the
interference is
totally
deterministic.
However, all the
fine-grained
information
is totally lost to
the observer. Hence
it appears to him to
be
statistical.
Generation of
Zero-Point EM
Fluctuations
Note that, in the
differential of
local spacetime
vacuum that we
are examining, "the"
vacuum/potential is
actually incredible
numbers of
dynamically changing
vacua/potentials,
all in violent
interferometry a la
Whittaker's second
paper. In other
words,
"the" ambient vacuum
is really not just
"a" single vacuum,
but
many, many, many
dynamic vacua all at
once, and all in
interference. By
Whittaker 1904,
their interference
(as scalar
potentials) is what
deterministically
produces the local
highly
noisy virtual EM
field gradients __
the zero-point EM
energy of
the quantum
mechanical vacuum.
Page 2
Puthoff's
Cosmological
Feedback Principle
Puthoff referred to
this vacuum
situation of
individually
deterministic but
conglomerated
statistical local EM
fluctuation
effects, from the
potential energies
of the distant
charged
particles of the
universe, as a
cosmological
feedback principle.
You should also read
Puthoff's articles,
as cited in my
papers,
and perhaps some of
his references
dealing with the
exploding
field of stochastic
electrodynamics
(SED). The only
present
problem with SED is
that its
practitioners have
not yet
discovered
Whittaker's two
papers (1903 and
1904), and therefore
do not incorporate
nature's highly
organized internal
electromagnetics.
Adding a Potential
to "the" Vacuum
Potential
When you make "a"
potential, you make
"a single"
spacetime/vacuum.
That's sitting on
top of (adding to
the
magnitude of), or
lowered into
(decreasing the
magnitude of), the
conglomerated
"ambient vacuum
potential" that is
the "normal
vacuum." That added
scalar EM potential
is a beautifully
organized, EM,
spatiotemporal
lattice, per
Whittaker's 1903
paper. It's filled
with organized,
phase-locked, EM
energy
waves; it is not a
random mishmash at
all. You must
understand
that. You can
organize and
engineer local
spacetime itself,
and
even do it at a
distance.
Solution to the
Missing Chaos of
Quantum Mechanics
In fact, when you
add a potential to
the ambient vacuum
(to the
ambient vacuum
potential), you add
something that is
perfectly
ordered to the
statistical "ambient
vacua." Thus you
have added
hidden order into
the local
statistics. That's
the missing chaos
in quantum mechanics
__ the hidden order
that everyone's been
desperately looking
for.
Spacetime Is Energy
At any rate, the
ambient vacuum is
"spacetime," and is
(to first
order) a
conglomerated scalar
EM potential, of
very high value.
Please read that
statement again.
Then read the
definitions of
energy, scalar
potential, and
electrostatic scalar
potential,
that we have
included in a
footnote to this
paper. Notice that
vacuum/spacetime is
pure energy __ and
to first order, pure
EM
energy. So we are
like a bird on an
electrical high
line; we
live directly in an
extremely high
potential, but not
in a
potential gradient.
That's a flat
spacetime; it has
the same
ambient "potential"
magnitude
everywhere. If you
change the
ambient potential of
the local vacuum
from point to point
in the
neighborhood, that's
a curved local
spacetime. Imagine
ST
curvature as a
change in the
"virtual ambient
pressure" of the
local vacuum. That
"ambient pressure"
can be increased or
decreased, hence the
two "curvatures."
Simple as that. You
can
curve it in two
ways: (1) increase
the local ambient
value of the
vacuum potential, or
(2) decrease the
local ambient value
of the
vacuum potential. So
local ST curvature
really isn't any big
deal. And you can do
it on the lab bench.
Page 3
Trapped EM Energy Is
Gravitational
Potential
As is well-known in
general relativity,
it is the trapped
energy
in mass that is
responsible for its
exhibiting
gravitational
attraction. Again,
Einstein's E =
mc(exp2) is a
prescription for
the amount of
electromagnetic
energy that is
trapped in a mass m.
An electrostatic
scalar potential is
just one where the
EM energy
is trapped (see the
first Whittaker
paper, 1903, for the
EM wave
form in which it is
trapped). So if
trapped energy is
gravitational in
mass, it is
gravitational in the
potential as
well. In GR, all
potentials are
therefore
gravitational. In
fact, there is no
such separate thing
as "the"
gravitational
potential; "the"
G-potential is made
from a conglomerate
of other
fields/field
effects, which is
Sakharov's
hypothesis [48]. To
first order, the
G-potential is a
function of the
trapped local
EM energy density of
the vacuum.
The Quantum
Potential: Action At
a Distance
You must also at
least get acquainted
with the quantum
potential,
and its place in
hidden variable
quantum mechanics
theory. The
quantum potential
(QP) is a potential
added to the
Schroedinger
potential. It
provides an
instantaneous
connection between
separated
components, even
over great
distances. The QP
appears
to have no point
source, in sharp
contrast to the
classical
potential. The QP
field is not
radiated in the
classical sense.
In general the QP
between two
particles (or two
components of a
system exhibiting a
macroscopic QP) does
not produce a
vanishing
interaction between
the particles (or
components) as their
spatial separation
becomes very large.
The QP contains an
instantaneous
connection between
separated components
of the
system, rather than
the retarded
connection provided
by the
classical potential.
Thus with a QP, two
widely separated
components of a
physical system may
be strongly and
directly
connected. The QP of
a system depends on
the quantum state of
the system as a
whole, even when its
parts are greatly
separated.
In the case of a QP
established by
separated electronic
equipments, the QP
depends on the
"structured
graviton" state of
all the radiative
components,
circuits, devices,
transmitters,
etc. [49][50]
As Trapped EM
Energy, Mass Is a
Special Scalar EM
Potential
Since (see
definitions in the
footnotes to this
paper) trapped EM
energy is also a
scalar EM potential,
then it follows that
the
mass (of the nucleus
or a fundamental
particle) can be
regarded
as, and is, a
special kind of
very, very intense
scalar EM
potential. I call it
the mass potential
to differentiate it
because of its
fantastic strength.
Not only is the mass
potential a scalar
EM potential, but it
is also a
gravitational
potential. Note that
the concept of the
mass potential is a
unifying field
concept, for
unifying gravity and
EM fields.
The beauty of the
mass potential
concept is fourfold:
(1) Now
mass has a universal
kind of organized EM
internal structure,
given by Whittaker's
1903 paper, that
comprises the mass
in the
first place, (2) the
hidden internal EM
structure of the
mass
potential can be
changed and
engineered at will,
electromagnetically,
by external means
and directly, (3) we
now
Page 4
have direct
electrogravitation,
opening up the vista
of directly
engineering
antigravity (as
Sweet has already
proven in his
vacuum triode
device) [51], and
(4) the internal
structure of the
nuclear mass
potential can be
deliberately altered
in a
nonequilibrium
manner vis a vis its
virtual photon flux
(VPF)
exchange with its
local vacuum, as can
be the VPF of the
local
vacuum itself. In
that case, you have
created a local
vacuum
engine in the
altered Whittaker
vacuum/potential,
and you have
also created an
activated
interacting engine
of the altered
atomic nucleus (its
mass potential), fed
by vacuum energy,
and
gating the energy
out of the atom to
do marvelous things
__ to do
whatever you've been
clever enough to
design it to do in
the
first place! You can
transmute elements,
materialize and
dematerialize
matter, alter and
change a radioactive
nucleus's
energy balance and
characteristics so
that it is inert,
etc.
Gravitational Energy
Is Negative Energy
Finally, you must be
aware that
gravitational energy
is negative
energy, since it is
"withdrawn" from the
EM scattering energy
domain, and
scattering EM energy
has been designated
as positive.
You can understand
that G-energy is
negative, in this
fashion,
after Nahin [52]: If
two like electrical
charges are brought
together, energy is
required to overcome
the repulsion, and
this
energy "goes into
the field" to give a
positive energy
density of
space. Two positive
masses, however,
attract each other;
it
takes the exertion
of energy to keep
them apart. In other
words,
the field energy is
negative in this
case. [53] Maxwell
was much
perplexed by this
problem, as was
Heaviside __ and as
have been
many other
physicists.
Engineering Physical
Reality Itself
In summary of this
scalar EM approach,
there are literally
no
limits that cannot
be overcome. It just
requires us to now
explore and develop
the phenomenology,
advance the theory
and
approach, learn how
to design and
implement what we
wish the
activated mass and
activated vacuum to
do, etc. We can
change
the so-called "laws
of nature" in an
area __ or even for
the
whole earth __ as we
wish, using this
approach. It doesn't
matter whether we're
ready for it or not;
the Creator has now
laid in our hands
the power to alter
and engineer
physical
reality itself, as
we may wish.
Nonlinear
Oscillation
One also needs to be
aware of nonlinear
oscillator theory.
[54]
One will encounter
in scalar EM the
effects of nonlinear
oscillation,
including harmonic
and subharmonic
oscillation,
self-oscillation,
etc. The organized
graviton structure
of a
scalar potential is
organized (and in
fact phase-locked)
in terms
of both harmonic and
subharmonic
oscillation.
Mind and Matter and
Their Interaction
Without further
amplification, we
will also state that
mind,
matter, thought, and
the deepest living
biological control
functions also
utilize the
Whittaker internal
electromagnetics,
and have done so
since the beginning.
We now know where
the
Page 5
software is, how it
is filed, and how to
go about engineering
it
directly. We have
already advanced the
precise mechanism
for
Sheldrake's
morphogenetic field,
and explained how it
generates a
change in a species
in a complete
evolutionary "jump."
We state
without further
elaboration that
specific, testable
mechanisms
for parapsychology
can also be
extracted from the
scalar EM
approach. What is
involved here is not
only a unification
of the
branches of physics,
but also a
unification of
physics and
metaphysics.
Biological Effects
of EM Fields and
Radiation
As is well-known,
the question of
whether or not EM
fields and
radiation may
contribute to
incidences of
leukemia, brain
tumors,
and other health
changes is
unresolved. Four
decades of the best
technical efforts of
many able
researchers,
together with the
entire body of
experimental data
they have gathered,
has been
unable to
technically and
decisively resolve
the issue. The
studies and
experiments have
continued to be
contradictory and
inconsistent, and
replication of
results has
continued to be
difficult and often
impossible. What the
experimental results
actually show is
that there are
uncontrolled and
unknown EM
variables in the
experiments, hence
in the experimental
model
being applied __
either consciously
or unconsciously __
by the
experimenters.
The standard
experimental model
(SEM) that
EM/bioeffects
researchers apply,
either wittingly or
unwittingly, rests
on two
major postulates,
that: (1) the
present theoretical
model of
electromagnetics is
correct and
complete, and
sufficient to
characterize both
the EM stimulus to
the biological
system and
the causative
mechanism for
biological effects,
and (2) the gross
EM dosage/response
model __ energy
deposition, or
"heat" by
another name __ used
in the measurement
instrumentation
adequately
characterizes EM
stimulus/bioresponse,
for measuring
and interpreting the
factors and results
of the experiments.
Both fundamental
postulates are
seriously in error,
and the
standard
experimental model
is therefore
seriously invalid.
Using the SEM by
rote for four and a
half decades has
resulted in
the present state of
confusion,
inconclusiveness,
conflict, and
indeterminacy in the
field. Mostly what
the experimenters
have
really shown to date
is that: (1) their
own experimental
model is
hopelessly flawed,
(2) their
instruments and
instrumental methods
are inadequate, and
(3) the classical EM
theoretical model is
inadequate for their
experimental tasks.
Living systems have
long used the
internal EM
Whittaker channel
for deep cellular
control of the
organism. By
manipulating this
channel, Kaznacheyev
[55] showed EM
induction of
cellular death
and disease into
environmentally
protected cell
cultures. [56]
Priore [57]
demonstrated __
under rigorous
scientific controls
[58] __ absolute
cures of terminal
tumors and leukemias
in
laboratory animals.
Popp [59] also
discovered the
master
cellular control
system, including
its virtual photon
storage
characteristics,
without knowing of
the internal
Whittaker
storage channel and
mechanism.
Page 6
Quantum mechanically
it has been known
since 1959 that the
EM
potentials are the
primary causes of
electromagnetic
phenomena,
[60] and the force
fields are only
secondary __ the
exact
opposite of what has
been assumed in the
classical EM theory
utilized by present
experimenters in the
SEM. Whittaker's
fundamental
decomposition of the
scalar EM potential
into an
internal harmonic
set of paired
bidirectional planar
EM waves
provides a rich set
of experimentally
and theoretically
unaccounted and
uncontrolled hidden
EM variables
involved in all
EM bioeffects
experiments to date.
The scalar EM
potential is an
organized spacetime
lattice of perfectly
ordered EM energy,
passing through it
in a Whittaker wave
structure. Living
systems
alter this internal
EM Whittaker channel
(this spacetime
lattice
structure) and
communicate through
it for mind,
thought,
personality,
long-term memory,
and deep control of
cellular and
body functions. All
the deepest
biological control
systems are
in the Whittaker
channel. To
understand
environmental-EM
bioeffects, you've
got to understand
how the local
environmental
EM (both internal
and external)
affects and alters
the Whittaker
channel, and hence
the deep biocontrol
systems utilizing
it.
These hidden
Whittaker EM
variables are real;
that is testable
and unassailable.
The unknown
Whittaker EM
variables also
account for most if
not all the serious
deficiencies and
problems
of the entire
experimental field
to date. Scalar
interferometry
of Whittaker
potentials alone,
e.g., can reproduce
any kind of
normal EM, [61] and
the potentials can
pass deep into the
body
before that
interference occurs.
So Whittaker
potential
interferometry can
produce much deeper
EM fields in the
body than
present field theory
and dosimetry would
indicate. Even
worse,
the Whittaker
potentials interact
in the nuclear mass
potential
of the body __ and
that is where the
signals and
functions for
deep cellular
control, immune
system control, etc.
are located.
Interfering EM
signals (multiphoton
effects) in the
external
environment create
sporadic Whittaker
potentials, with
"noisy"
and often abnormally
strong EM hidden
variable structures.
Repetitious noise
patterns in the
Whittaker channel
gradually
"activate" or
"charge up" the
Whittaker channel of
the organism.
Thus a sort of
long-term
"electronic jamming"
of the deep control
systems of the body
can result. Gradual
degradation of the
immune system and of
the cellular control
system can result.
Thus there does
exist a mechanism
for long-term,
cumulative
damage to the
biological system..
The basic
probability of the
multiphoton
mechanism occurring
for long-term
effects cumulation
and slow
bio-degradation is
primarily a function
of the signal
density in the
specific
environment,
regardless of
individual
signal strength or
frequency. This
"electronic smog"
effect is
presently unknown in
biophysics, and it
has not been
accounted
for at all in the
present experiments
and studies in the
EM
bioeffects field.
Long-term presence
of specific
multifrequency
mixtures then can
produce more
specific short-term,
medium-term,
and long-term
effects, in addition
to the general
degradation
cumulating from
sheer local
environmental signal
densities.
Submitted for
consideration to a
major 1992
scientific symposium
is a paper pointing
out the fundamental
difficulties with
the
standard
experimental model,
and the exact
Whittaker nature of
the uncontrolled
hidden variables
responsible for
negating over
four decades of
painstaking
scientific
experiments. Also
the
Page 8
paper points out the
precise things that
have to be done to
correct the SEM, the
instrumentation, and
the EM theoretical
model, so that
future experiments
will be decisive,
consistent,
and replicable.
If the paper is
accepted, then in
August 1992 we will
place into
the scientific
literature precisely
what is wrong with
the EM
bioeffects field to
date, and will
attempt to correct
the entire
field by stimulating
it to account for
and measure the
internal
EM Whittaker
variables that are
presently hidden and
uncontrolled. With
such correction,
hopefully we can
avoid yet
another four decades
of indeterminate,
inconclusive,
inconsistent, and
contradictory
experimental effort,
and also
remove much of the
present researcher
frustration.
Aristotelian Logic
and Excessive
Worship of
Mathematics
One will also
desperately need to
change one's mindset
on
Aristotelian logic
__ which nature
often violates __
and one must
get rid of the false
notion that
"mathematics
contains
fundamental truth, a
priori." Mathematics
is just a game and a
model __ though a
very, very useful
one __ based on
assumptions
(postulates) which
we ourselves
formulate and
build-in to it.
The only real "truth
content" of the
mathematics is
judged by the
validity of the
postulates.
Mathematics is no
better or worse
than the concepts
assumed as its
basis. If there's
any truth in
it, it's only what
we ourselves have
put into it. That's
the
reason for the
experimental method
in science; the only
way a
theory can be
falsified or
validated is by
experimental
examination and
test.
So get rid of the
artificial mystique
of "mathematics is
truth,
and the purest
activity of the
human mind." That's
dogma and
religion, not
science. It is a
must to read Morris
Kline. [62]
Also read about G.
Spencer Brown's
extension of logic
to include
complex numbers.
[63] Then read my
own fundamental
correction
to Aristotelian
logic by addition of
a fourth law and an
applications rule.
[64] With this
background, one
should be free
from the
"Aristotelian trap"
and the unwarranted
"worship of
mathematics" trap.
We need the
mathematics as a
useful tool; but
we must not think
that to be highly
mathematical is to
necessarily have an
advanced grip on the
truth. In physics
today, too often one
loses the real
physics because of
the over
attachment to the
beauty of the
mathematics.
The physics of a
theory is embodied
in the fundamental
concepts
associated with the
mathematical
symbols, not in the
mathematical
manipulation of
those symbols. The
mathematics isn't
the
physics; the math is
just the
manipulation of the
physics. Don't
confuse the
fundamental physics
of a theory with the
mathematics
of the theory. The
mathematics can be
great, and the
physics
still quite wrong.
Background For a New
Paradigm
The above "blast"
should give you a
feel for my work,
and the
background for the
area. In your normal
studies, you will
also
get a course in
special relativity,
certainly by the
time you get
your master's
degree. If you major
in physics, you will
also
Page 8
take one or more
courses in general
relativity in the
curriculum
for the doctorate.
For either the
master's or
doctorate degrees,
you will probably
have at least one
introductory course
in
quantum mechanics,
or perhaps more.
That's quite
sufficient for
understanding in
this area and
working in it. To
assist a shift
in mindset, however,
one also needs to
read __ particularly
at
the beginning __ a
lot of popularized
Scientific American
type
articles on quantum
mechanics, the
vacuum, zero-point
energy of
vacuum, etc. Also
read the popularized
books by Heinz
Pagels and
Nick Herbert's
Quantum Reality.
Read them at least
two or three
times. Read Paul
Davies' books; even
though popularized,
he is a
master craftsman,
and able to clearly
state the gist of
the broad
array of present
physics. In all of
your reading, it's
just as
important to notice
what is wrong,
awkward, assumed, or
imperfect
as it is to notice
what is known
correctly. If you
haven't read
a good book on
foundations of
physics, at least
read Lindsay and
Margenau. [65]
Personals
As far as your
career plans, it
would be best to
either seek your
Doctorate in EE as
you plan to, with a
minor in physics, or
else
major in physics
with a minor in
something else such
as EE. Just
keep your mind open
and not brainwashed,
in either case. If
you
stay open-minded,
most of your
learning is going to
occur after
your doctorate
anyway.
Thanks for your
interest, and the
best of luck to you.
And yes,
more and more
youngsters, grad
students, post-docs,
and even
a few senior
professors are
turning to this
scalar potential EM,
and I'm absolutely
delighted. As they
digest the Whittaker
papers and the other
papers, gradually
they'll start to
work and
change physics.
That's the only way
we're going to get a
new
science. As Max
Planck pointed out,
essentially the only
way you
get a new physics is
when the old
physicists who so
adamantly
oppose and block it
die off. The future
will be determined
by
the young.
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NOTES AND REFERENCES
1. E.g., T. E.
Bearden and Walter
Rosenthal, "On a
testable
unification of
electromagnetics,
general relativity,
and
quantum mechanics,
Proceedings of the
26th Intersociety
Energy Conversion
Engineering
Conference (IECEC
'91), Aug.
4-9, 1991, Boston,
Massachusetts, p.
487-492.
2. E.g., Floyd Sweet
and T. E. Bearden,
"Utilizing scalar
electromagnetics to
tap vacuum energy,"
Proceedings of the
26th Intersociety
Energy Conversion
Engineering
Conference
(IECEC '91), Aug.
4-9, 1991, Boston,
Massachusetts, p.
370-
375.
3. E. T. Whittaker,
"On the partial
differential
equations of
mathematical
physics,"
Mathematische
Annalen, Vol. 57,
1903,
p. 333-355. In this
paper Whittaker
proved that all
scalar
EM potentials have
an internal,
organized,
bidirectional EM
plane-wave
structure. Thus
there exists an
electromagnetics
that is totally
internal to the
scalar EM potential.
Since
vacuum/spacetime is
scalar potential,
then this internal
EM
is in fact
"internal" to the
local potentialized
vacuum/spacetime.
For discovery of the
Whittaker-type
structure in sonic
potentials, see
Richard W.
Ziolkowski,
"Localized
transmission of wave
energy," Proc. SPIE
Vol.
1061, Microwave and
Particle Beam
Sources and Directed
Energy Concepts,
Jan. 1989, p.
396-397. For a
mention of
this same type of
bidirectional EM
wave Whittaker
structure
in the potential
connected with the
Schroedinger
equation,
see V.K. Ignatovich,
"The remarkable
capabilities of
recursive
relations," American
Journal of Physics,
57(10),
Oct. 1989, p.
873-878. So far,
American physicists
have
shown by their
nonreaction to
Ignatovich's paper
that they
have not yet
realized that this
is a methodology for
directly engineering
quantum change, and
hence physical
reality itself.
4. E. T. Whittaker,
"On an expression of
the electromagnetic
field due to
electrons by means
of two scalar
potential
functions,"
Proceedings of the
London Mathematical
Society,
Series 2, Vol. 1,
1904, p. 367-372. In
this paper Whittaker
Page 1
showed that all the
classical
electromagnetics can
be
replaced by scalar
potential
interferometry. This
ignored
paper anticipated
the Aharonov-Bohm
(AB) effect by 55
years,
and drastically
extended it as well.
Indeed, it
prescribes
a macroscopic AB
effect that is
distance-independent,
providing a direct
and engineerable
mechanism for
action-at-
a-distance. It also
provides a testable
hidden-variable
theory that predicts
drastically new and
novel effects.
5. See Carl Barus,
"A curious inversion
in the wave
mechanism
of the
electromagnetic
theory of light,"
American Journal of
Science, Vol. 5,
Fourth Series, May
1898, p. 343-348.
Even
though Barus
actually discovered
the
"backward-traveling"
Maxwellian EM wave
in 1898, modern
Western scientists
essentially ignored
his work, and did
not rediscover the
time-reversed EM
wave until it
appeared in the open
Soviet
literature. See also
Robert A. Fisher,
Ed., Optical Phase
Conjugation,
Academic Press, New
York, 1983, p. xv.
In 1972
two Soviet
scientists, from the
P.N. Lebedev
Physical
Institute in Moscow,
visited Lawrence
Livermore National
Laboratory and
mentioned to U.S.
scientists Dr. B.
Ya.
Zel'dovich's
observation of an
extremely curious
"distortion
undoing" property of
the stimulated
Brillouin
backscattering
process in a
CS2-filled
waveguide. This of
course was
nonlinear optical
phase conjugation
and its production
of a
time-reversed EM
wave, the strange
new EM wave that
"reversed disorder
and restored order."
Thereafter, U.S.
scientists gradually
began working in
optical phase
conjugation. Most of
them, however, still
have difficulty
with the fact that
the phase conjugate
wave is a true time-
reversed wave. Many
do not understand
the difference
between true time
reversal (true phase
conjugation) and
pseudo-phase-conjugation.
6. Amnon Yariv,
Optical Electronics,
3rd edn., Holt,
Rinehart
and Winston, New
York, 1985. See
particularly Chapter
16:
"Phase Conjugate
Optics __ Theory and
Applications."
7. David M. Pepper,
"Nonlinear optical
phase conjugation,"
Optical Engineering,
21(2), March/April
1982, p. 156-183.
On p. 156, Pepper
specifically notes
that "...these
processing
techniques can, in
principle, be
extended to
other portions of
the EM spectrum
(e.g., rt, radio,
microwave, radars,
UV, etc.); and can
also involve other
fields (e.g.,
acoustic waves),
given the proper
nonlinear
medium." In other
words, phase
conjugation is a
universal
nonlinear
phenomenon, unknown
until recently.
Pepper's
paper is presently
the best all-around
introduction to
nonlinear optical
phase conjugation in
the English
language.
8. See also David M.
Pepper,
"Applications of
optical phase
conjugation,"
Scientific American,
254(1), Jan. 1986,
p. 74-
83. See particularly
the striking
photographic
demonstration of
time reversal of
disorder on p. 75.
9. Robert G. Sachs,
The Physics of Time
Reversal, University
of
Chicago Press,
Chicago, Illinois,
1987.
10. For the
theoretical proof,
see E.V. Smetanin,
Page 2
"Electromagnetic
field in a space
with curvature __
new
solutions," Soviet
Physics Journal,
25(2), Feb. 1982, p.
107-111. A classical
particle can have
both a magnetic
moment and a nonzero
magnetic charge
density in a curved
spacetime.
11. There is a good
reason for using two
frequencies. To
first
(rough) order, the
earth may be
approximated as an
isotropic
nonlinear material.
In that case, a
sine-wave
transmitted
into the earth will
simply break up, due
to the
nonlinearities.
However, if two sine
waves separated
somewhat in
frequency are input
into the earth, but
one
pretends that one
transmitted the
difference frequency
between them, the
difference frequency
will act as if it
were a sign wave
transmitted through
a linear,
nondistorting
medium __ even
though the
individual two waves
suffer all
sorts of distortion,
breakdown, etc. This
is a way of
"linearizing" a
nonlinear situation
if it isn't too
nonlinear.
12. Yariv, ibid., p.
500-501. Go back
also and take a
relook at
the photo on p. 75
of Pepper,
Scientific American,
254(1),
Jan. 1986. Do you
see that, if a heat
source scatters EM
energy into a
surrounding phase
conjugate mirror,
you will
get some of the
scattered energy
re-ordered and
returned to
the source?
13. An amusing lay
description of
Tesla's experiment
with the
accidental build-up
of "earthquake-like"
resonance in the
buildings and area
surrounding his New
York laboratory,
from
induction by a tiny
electromechanical
oscillator, is
contained in
Margaret Cheney,
Tesla: Man Out of
Time,
Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, 1981, p.
115-116. Slightly
more light is shed
on the incident by
John J. O'Neill,
Prodigal Genius: The
Life of Nikola
Tesla,
Angriff Press,
Hollywood,
California, 1981,
New Printing, p.
155-165.
14. See John J.
O'Neill, Prodigal
Genius, p. 164-165.
Tesla
stated that his
telegeodynamic
oscillator, so small
it could
be slipped into a
pocket, could be
attached to any part
of
the Empire State
Building and in 12
to 13 minutes would
bring the building
to full resonance,
and destroy it.
O'Neill could not
make out the decimal
point in his notes,
so could not be sure
Tesla stated it
would require 0.25
HP
or 2.5 HP. We point
out that it must
have been 0.25 if it
was to be slipped
into a rather large
pocket. A 2.5 HP
electric motor of
the time would
rather definitely
not fit
in one's pocket! See
also Cheney, Tesla:
Man Out of Time,
p. 116-117, 275.
Tesla indicated that
his telegeodynamics
could project
enormous energy
through the earth,
essentially without
loss.
In other references
he indicated that
the energy would
travel in beams to
distant points on
the earth, producing
desired effects
there. He also
indicated that he
was
utilizing a unique
form of resonance
not presently
understood by
science. Suppose we
assume that Tesla
had
discovered the
mechanical analogue
of the nonlinear
optical
Page 3
pumped phase
conjugate mirror.
Then his
"oscillator"
actually involved
mechanically pumping
(by opposing
mechanical waves or
blows) a suitable
nonlinear mechanical
phase conjugation
mirror material. If
timed at a
mechanical
resonance frequency
of the material, and
attached to a
building, an
interesting
phenomenon would
occur. The scalar
EM potential base
waves for rhythmic
scalar mechanical
stress waves have an
affinity for
traveling through
the
atomic nucleus and
its immediately
adjacent vacuum.
Recall
that, in QM, all
mechanical forces
are generated by
exchange
of virtual photons,
so opposing forces
in a mechanical
stress are caused by
bidirectional
virtual photon
exchanges.
It is "scalar
electromagnetic" at
base. As the scalar
EM
stress potential
wave travels through
its vacuum/nuclei
medium, the normal
electron orbital
vibrations
(including
those caused from
covalent bond
vibrations, lattice
vibrations, and
temperature
vibrations)
constitute "signal
wave inputs,"
causing the gating
and emission of
phase
conjugate replica
waves from the
pumped nuclei out
into the
material lattices.
If the stress
pumping is at a
resonance
frequency of the
material/nuclei, or
a harmonic or
subharmonic of it,
then nonlinear
oscillation theory
together with E.T.
Whittaker's
bidirectional EM
wave
composition of the
scalar stress
potential will
result in a
phase-locked buildup
or accumulation of
the gated PCR energy
from the activated
vacuum/nuclei
internal medium by
constructive
interference of the
continually-gated
PCR EM
energy into the
material lattice at
its resonant
frequency.
In that case a
"forced resonance"
condition occurs in
the
building,
surrounding earth,
etc., and this
scalar
mechanical stress
resonance spreads
and builds, to
enormous
power __ even to the
destruction of the
building or to an
earthquake.
But since the
oscillator itself
has certainly not
input such
a large amount of
energy, from whence
does all the extra
energy come? The
answer is contained
in Sweet and
Bearden,
"Utilizing scalar
electromagnetics to
tap vacuum energy,"
IECEC '91, ibid. The
activated nuclei, in
this mechanical
scalar oscillator
case, actually
involve an
oscillation
modulated upon the
virtual photon flux
exchange between the
activated local
vacuum and each
activated nucleus,
similar
to the type of
oscillation that
Sweet traps in the
barium
nuclei of his vacuum
triode. This scalar
oscillation onto
the activated
nucleus converts
that nucleus to a
pumped
phase conjugate
mirror (PPCM).
Covalent bond
oscillations
and material lattice
vibrations introduce
"signal wave"
inputs into the
pumped nucleus
through the EM
coupling with
its electron shells.
Amplified phase
conjugate replica
(PCR) waves are thus
emitted by these
PPCM nuclei, in
response to the
signal wave inputs.
According to
standard
PPCM theory, these
amplified PCR waves
will thus leave the
nucleus and travel
out through the
electron shells into
the
material lattice,
being scattered
there. This process
effectively gates
energy from the
vacuum/nucleus VPF
exchange into the
PCR waves, which
"backtrack" the
signal
wave input path,
back out into the
material lattices,
etc.
If the pumping is at
the fundamental, a
harmonic, or a
subharmonic of the
resonance frequency
of the materials,
Page 4
then the scattered
energy will
accumulate "in
phase" and the
materials and
building will be in
increasing
resonance.
Thus the building
and the local earth
will begin to build
up
increasing, rumbling
oscillations, as the
increasing PCR
waves from the PPCM
nuclei scatter
increasing energy
into
their constituent
materials. The
enormous energy
involved
is actually
organized and gated
from the excited
local
vacuum itself.
As to Tesla's
telegeodynamics and
making mechanical
waves
that are laser-like
and travel through
the earth, one need
only apply the known
principle of the
forward-going PCR
wave. In other
words, one
deliberately inputs,
say, two
small signal waves.
The PPCM material
acts as if a single
signal wave had been
input, as a vector
resultant wave. The
resulting amplified
PCR wave thus
"backtracks" the
resultant. If the
resultant signal
wave input is a
sharp
laser-like incoming
beam, then the
responding amplified
PCR
wave will be a sharp
laser-like beam in
the reverse
direction. In such
manner, a laser-like
mechanical
oscillation beam can
be launched through
the earth. The
laser-like portion
is based on a
laser-like scalar
potential
beam that travels
through the vacuum
and atomic nuclei as
its natural medium.
Such a beam should
travel through the
earth or through the
ocean with ease,
since the scalar
wave
is gravitational,
and not affected by
the ionized electron
shells of seawater,
e.g. Note that, by
slightly varying the
signal wave input
resultant, one can
"steer" the PCR wave
through its medium
(the vacuum/atomic
nuclei), much as a
phased array radar
steers its beam
through space. It
strongly suggests
that one can make an
underwater scalar
radar or a "through
the intervening
earth" scalar radar,
as
well.
15. Y. Aharonov and
D. Bohm,
"Significance of
Electromagnetic
Potentials in the
Quantum Theory,"
Physical Review,
Second
Series, 115(3), Aug.
1, 1959, p. 458-491.
For an extensive
discussion of the
Aharonov-Bohm effect
and an extensive
list
of references, see
S. Olariu and I.
Iovitzu Popescu,
"The
quantum effects of
electromagnetic
fluxes," Reviews of
Modern Physics,
57(2), Apr. 1985.
For confirmation
that the
AB effect has been
proven to all but
the most diehard of
skeptics, see
Bertram
Schwarzschild,
"Currents in normal-
metal rings exhibit
Aharonov-Bohm
effect," Physics
Today,
39(1), Jan. 1986, p.
17-20.
16. See Timothy
Boyer, "The
classical vacuum,"
Scientific
American, Aug. 1985,
p. 70; Walter
Greiner and Joseph
Hamilton, "Is the
Vacuum Really
Empty?", American
Scientist,
Mar.-Apr. 1980, p.
154; I.J.R.
Aitchison,
"Nothing's
plenty: The vacuum
in modern quantum
field theory,"
Contemporary
Physics, 26(4),
1985, p. 333-391;
Jack S.
Greenberg and Walter
Greiner, "Search for
the sparking of
the vacuum," Physics
Today, Aug. 1982, p.
24-32; Richard E.
Prange and Peter
Strance, "The
semiconducting
vacuum,"
American Journal of
Physics, 52(1), Jan.
1984, p. 19-21.
See also R. Jackiw
and J.R. Schrieffer,
"The decay of the
vacuum," Nuclear
Physics B 190, 1981,
p. 944.
Page 5
17. Nick Herbert,
Quantum Reality:
Beyond the New
Physics,
anchor Books,
Doubleday, Garden
City, New York, 1987
is
particularly
recommended.
18. An excellent and
thorough reference
is Romon Podolny,
Something Called
Nothing __ Physical
Vacuum, What is
It?",
Mir, 1986.
19. See particularly
H.E. Puthoff,
"Source of vacuum
electromagnetic
zero-point energy,
Physical Review A,
40(9),
Nov. 1, 1989, p.
4857-4862; "The
energetic vacuum:
Implications for
energy research,"
Speculations in
Science
and Technology,
13(4), 1990, p.
247-257; "Gravity as
a Zero-
Point Fluctuation
Force," Physical
Review A, Vol. 39,
1989,
p. 2333; "Ground
State of Hydrogen as
a Zero-Point-
Fluctuation-Determined
State," Physical
Review D, Vol. 35,
1987, p. 3266.
20. T.D. Lee,
Chapter 25: Outlook,
"Possibility of
vacuum
engineering,"
Particle Physics and
Introduction to
Field
Theory, Harwood
Academic Publishers,
New York, 1981, p.
826.
The application of
the extended
Whittaker scalar EM
is in
fact the method of
accomplishing the
very vacuum
engineering
speculated upon by
Nobel Laureate Lee.
21. Here I
particularly
recommend B.J. Hiley
and F. David Peat,
Eds., Quantum
Implications: Essays
in Honour of David
Bohm,
Routledge & Kegan
Paul, London and New
York, 1987. You
should of course
also be aware of
what Bohm's hidden
variable theory is
all about, and its
connection with
consciousness. See
D. Bohm, Phys. Rev.
85, 1952, p. 166,
180; Causality and
Chance in Modern
Physics, Routledge &
Kegan Paul, London,
1957; "Hidden
variables and the
implicate order," in
Quantum
Implications: Essays
in Honour
of David Bohm, Eds.
B.J. Hiley and F.
David Peat,
Routledge
& Kegan Paul, London
& New York, 1987, p.
33. See also D.
Bohm and B.J. Hiley,
Found. Phys. 5,
1975, p. 93; Found.
Phys. 12, 1982, p.
1001; Found. Phys.
14, 1984, p. 255.
See
also Y. Aharonov and
D. Albert, "The
issue of
retrodiction
in Bohm's theory,"
in Quantum
Implications: Essays
in Honour
of David Bohm,
ibid., p. 223. For a
discussion of what
nonlocal theory may
really entail in
terms of modular
variables, see Yakir
Aharonov, "Non-local
phenomena and the
Aharonov-Bohm
effect," Quantum
Concepts in Space
and Time,
Eds. R. Penrose and
C.J. Isham,
Clarendon Press,
Oxford,
1986, p. 41-64. For
other important
discussions see Lee
Smolin, "Stochastic
mechanics, hidden
variables, and
gravity," ibid., p.
147-173; and Abner
Shimony, "Events and
processes in the
quantum world,"
ibid., p. 182-203.
For a
new viewpoint on
emission processes,
see Robert M. Wald,
"Correlations and
causality in quantum
field theory,"
ibid.,
p. 293-301; and
Serge Haroche and
Daniel Kleppner,
"Cavity
quantum
electrodynamics,"
Physics Today, Jan.
1989, p. 24-
30. See David Bohm,
Wholeness and the
Implicate Order,
Routledge and Kegan
Paul; London,
Boston, and Henley;
1980.
22. Even Einstein __
who was awarded the
Nobel Prize in part
for
explaining the
photoelectric effect
__ never understood
what
a photon was. In his
later years Einstein
wrote: "All these
Page 7
50 years of
pondering have not
brought me closer to
answering the
question: what are
light-quanta?". The
quotation is
contained in P.
Speziali, Ed.,
Albert Einstein-
Michele Besso
Correspondence
1903-1955, Hermann,
Paris,
1972. There are
formidable problems
with the photon
concept. E.g., the
"energy" of a photon
is not localized,
but is distributed
over the entire
volume of the field
and
there is, in
general, no use in
attaching a
coordinate to
the photon. A photon
in general cannot be
described by a
wavefunction, but
only for special
cases. In
geometrical
optics as well as
Maxwell's
electrodynamics,
there is no
room for photons.
The complex
one-photon
wavefunction
should not be
identified with the
electromagnetic
field.
For a given photon
number, the electric
or magnetic fields
at a point cannot be
measured as a
function of time.
For
states with a fixed
photon number, the
expectation value of
the electric field
is zero even for a
very large photon
number, so that in
this case the
correspondence
principle
cannot be used. For
additional strong
anomalies in the
concept of a photon,
see J. Strand,
"Photons in
introductory
quantum physics,"
American Journal of
Physics, 54(7), July
1986, p. 650-652.
23. Richard Kidd et
Al, "Evolution of
the Modern Photon,"
American Journal of
Physics, 57(1), Jan.
1989, p. 27-35.
Note particularly
that detection is
actually binary, but
one-half of each
detection/measurement
is normally
discarded
[actually, it is
just hidden and
listed as simply
"Newton's
third law reaction
force."]. See also
R. Chen,
"Cancellation of
Internal Forces,"
American Journal of
Physics, 49(4), Apr.
1981, p. 372 for the
fact that the
internal EM energy
is always involved
in interactions, but
usually never taken
into account.
Indeed, the
so-called "photon
interaction" is
usually a
spin-2 graviton
breakup interaction.
The graviton
fissions
(the photon and
antiphoton
decouple). The
photon half
normally interacts
with the electron
shells. The
antiphoton
half "burrows back
into" the nucleus
and interacts with
it,
providing the
Newtonian third law
recoil and the
conservation of
angular momentum,
energy, etc. The
ubiquitous presence
of the Newtonian
third law reaction
force is direct and
positive evidence
for the fact that
not
only a photon
interacts, but an
antiphoton interacts
also.
Consider. Quantum
field theory
requires that every
mechanical force be
generated by virtual
photon
interactions.
Therefore, to be
consistent, Newton's
third
law reaction force
must be generated by
photon interaction.
Since the 3rd law
force is considered
to be universal, it
means that the
"photon interaction
that is a reverse of
the
normal photon
interaction" is
universal, and this
"reversed
photon" interaction
must normally
accompany each
normal
photon interaction.
We point out that
the only type of
photon that would
consistently produce
the exact opposite
force from the
photon interaction
would be a phase
conjugate
or time-reversal of
that photon. I.e.,
there must have been
two photons present
in the interaction:
the normal or time-
forward photon, and
the time-reversed or
antiphoton. This
Page 7
is actually implied
by a quantum field
theory statement of
Newton's third law.
However, the point
can be even more
rigorously proven.
In a
phase conjugate
material, one can
trick the antiphoton
into
exiting out of the
atom, instead of
interacting in the
nucleus. In that
case, according to
the "photon
interaction
is normally graviton
interaction"
principle, the agent
that
normally generates
Newton's third law
recoil did not reach
the nucleus, and so
the recoil should be
absent. And it is
absent, in actual
experiments. Such a
phase conjugate
mirror does not
recoil if it emits a
phase conjugate
replica
wave (phase
conjugate photons,
or antiphotons). And
it
doesn't recoil no
matter how powerful
that antiphoton
emission is __ no
matter how many
antiphotons it
emits. On
the other hand, if
the same material
emits an ordinary
photon, it does
recoil, and Newton's
third law is
present.
This experiment
directly establishes
that most photon
interactions
actually are
graviton
interactions __
paired
photon/antiphoton
interactions.
24. To see just how
arbitrary and
postulational are
present
"definitions" of
mass and force, see
Robert Bruce Lindsay
and Henry Margenau,
Foundations of
Physics, Dover
Publications, New
York, 1963, p.
283-287. Note on
page 283
that a "field of
force" at any point
is actually defined
only for the case
when a unit mass is
present at that
point.
See also Richard P.
Feynman, Robert B.
Leighton, and
Matthew
Sands, The Feynman
Lectures on Physics,
Addison-Wesley, New
York, Vol 1, p. 2-4,
for a definition of
the electric field
in context of its
potentiality for
producing a force.
The
modern view of the
field is that,
because of vacuum
fluctuations,
rigorously one no
longer speaks of
"the"
field, but of the
probability of a
particular field
configuration. See
Charles W. Misner,
Kip S. Thorne, and
John Archibald
Wheeler,
Gravitation, W.H.
Freeman and Co.,
San Francisco, 1973,
p. 1191. Note that
this view is still
in error when one
considers electron
precession in the
interaction of
vacuum "fields" and
the electron gas
inside a
detecting probe
wire.
25. Aharonov and
Bohm, Physical
Review, 1959, ibid.
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26. Energy should
not be defined as
the capacity to do
work;
that is wrong.
Accomplishing
translational work
is
something that can
be done by
dispersing energy
(order), but
that is not its
definition.
Energy is any
ordering, either
static or dynamic,
in the
virtual particle
flux (VPF) of
vacuum.
Work is just the
scattering of energy
__ the disordering
of
this VPF order. Note
that the present
definition of energy
used in physics thus
is a statement that
"order is the
(capacity to do)
disordering of
order." In that
form, the
illogical aspects of
the statement can be
seen. It is still
correct, however, to
state that "energy
has the capacity to
do work. Certainly,
if you scatter or
disorder the order,
you will have
disorder. With the
word "has"
substituted for
"is," the sentence
becomes just a
statement about
energy; it
is not posing
improperly as its
definition. However,
it now
requires that a new
definition for
"energy" be found.
The
new definition was
presented above.
Electromagnetic
energy is any
ordering, either
static or
dynamic, in the
virtual photon flux
of vacuum. In other
words, for a field
energy, one selects
__ for the ordering
__ only the type of
particle in the VPF
that is the quantum
particle of that
field.
A potential is any
ordering, either
static or dynamic or
combination thereof,
in the virtual
particle flux of
vacuum.
Note that, according
to this definition,
a potential is pure
energy, a priori. It
is also totally
ordered internally
__
which is a new
concept for physics.
But we must be
careful.
Because of the
nature of the
virtual particle
flux
comprising it, the
potential is a
collection of nearly
individual virtual
energies __ a
collection of the
individual energies
of a host of
individually moving
virtual
particles. Each
particle is still
almost totally
separate
from each other,
most of the time. In
other words, as an
informal analogy,
potential is a sort
of mostly
disintegrated
energy, which only
has just a touch of
integration, enough
to allow it to be
referred to as a
Page 1
single "collection"
or "ordering." Note
also that the
ordering itself is
an open system.
Virtual particles
are
continually
entering, leaving,
or appearing and
disappearing
in it. The ordering
is like a whirlpool
in a river: The
form or ordering may
be stable, but the
water molecules are
continually passing
through the stable,
ordered form.
A scalar potential
is any static
(stationary)
ordering in
the virtual particle
flux of vacuum. A
vector potential is
any dynamic
(nonstationary)
ordering in the
virtual particle
flux of vacuum. Note
that both scalar and
vector potentials
have totally ordered
interiors. Scalar
potentials and
vector potentials
are simply different
subsets of the
energy
domain. And notice
that both are simply
stable forms in a
dynamic medium, like
two swirls in a
river. So to speak,
one swirl is
stationary with
respect to the
observer on the
bank; however,
internally it is
quite highly
dynamic, with
water molecules
continually flowing
into and out of the
stabilized form. The
second swirl is
moving with respect
to
the observer on the
bank; however,
internally it also
is
quite highly dynamic
internally, with
water molecules
continually flowing
into and out of the
stabilized form.
The difference here
is whether or not
there is movement of
the stable exterior
form with respect to
the observer. Both
are open systems,
continually being
supplied with energy
flowing in, and
continually emitting
energy. Also note
that
both kinds of EM
potentials possess
ordered internal
Whittaker
bidirectional wave
structures.
An electrostatic
scalar potential is
any static
(stationary)
ordering in the
virtual photon flux
of vacuum. Its
ordered
structure is an
ordered lattice of
spacetime/vacuum,
and
consists of a
Fourier expansion of
harmonic transverse
EM
plane waves, coupled
to the phase
conjugate of the
expansion
in 1:1 ratio. Scalar
interferometry
between two or more
scalar EM potentials
is just the multiple
simultaneous
interferometry of
the constituent
Whittaker waves.
Incredibly dynamic
interference of
potentials/vacua/spacetimes
from all the charged
particles
of the universe is
continually
occurring in "the"
ambient
vacuum __ that is,
in the quantum
mechanical vacuum.
The
quantum mechanical
vacuum concept is
just the
modification
of the classical
"empty vacuum"
concept to take into
account
the spontaneous
creation and
annihilation of
virtual
particles, required
by quantum mechanics
and the Heisenberg
uncertainty
principle.
"A" vacuum is a
spacetime and, to
first order, a
scalar
potential. "The"
ambient vacuum is a
violently changing
and
interfering
collection of
potentials from
moving particles
all over the
universe; i.e.,
"the" ambient vacuum
is really
an incredibly large
number of
conglomerated,
interfering
vacua/potentials.
The conglomeration
implication for
vacuum/spacetime of
these definitions,
or of the gist of
them, has previously
been pointed out by
W. Misner, K.S.
Thorne and J.A.
Wheeler,
Gravitation, 1973,
p. 399.
Quoting: "...The
terms 'gravitational
field' and 'gravity'
refer in a vague,
collective sort of
way to all of these
entities. Another,
equivalent term for
them is the
Page 2
'geometry of
spacetime.'" Our
comment is as
follows: In
other words, the
notion of the
geometry of
spacetime is also
a vague,
conglomerated
concept, and it also
must not be
primary, but must be
composed of other
field effects and
things __ which of
course is Sakharov's
hypothesis that
gravitation is not
even a primary field
of nature, but is
always due to
interactions and
effects of other
fields.
The above
definitions are all
precise. To the best
of my
knowledge, most of
them have not
previously appeared
in
physics in such an
exact form. To
explain why more
precise
definitions are so
important, we quote
a statement by
Einstein: "...the
scientist makes use
of a whole arsenal
of
concepts which he
imbibed practically
with his mother's
milk; and seldom if
ever is he aware of
the eternally
problematic
character of his
concepts. He uses
this
conceptual material,
or, speaking more
exactly, these
conceptual tools of
thought, as
something obviously,
immutably given;
something having an
objective value of
truth which is
hardly ever, and in
any case not
seriously,
to be doubted. ...in
the interests of
science it is
necessary over and
over again to engage
in the critique of
these fundamental
concepts, in order
that we may not
unconsciously be
ruled by them."
Quoted from Albert
Einstein,
"Foreword," to Max
Jammer, Concepts of
Space: The
History of Theories
of Space in Physics,
Harvard University
Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1969,
p. xi-xii.
27. See Richard P.
Feynman, Robert B.
Leighton and Matthew
Sands, The Feynman
Lectures on Physics,
Addison-Wesley, New
York, Vol. I, 1963,
p. 2-4 for a
statement that the
electric
field exists at a
point in the vacuum
in the context of
its
potentiality for
producing a force,
should a charge be
placed at that
point. Maxwell's
original theory was
modeled
on a mechanical
ether, where the
ether was a material
medium. If that were
truly the case, then
force-fields
would exist in the
material-ether
medium. Accordingly,
they
were so modeled by
Maxwell. With the
subsequent
elimination
of the material
ether, Maxwell's EM
force-in-the-material-
ether model was
rendered incorrect,
but the model has
never
been recast, to this
date.
28. Calculations of
the energy density
in the vacuum range
to
enormous values on
the order of
10exp100 grams per
cubic
centimeter,
expressed in mass
units. To convert
this mass
density to energy
density, simply
multiply by the
square of
the speed of light.
29. Recall again
Feynman's statement.
In the vacuum, one
just
has a
force-field-free
gradient in the
potential until one
places an observable
charge in there for
the potential
gradient to couple
to. With such
charged particle(s)
in
place, the local
interaction and
coupling of the
potential
gradient with the
charged particle(s)
produces (and in
fact
constitutes) an
electromagnetic
force field.
30. Notice that,
considering the
electron gas as a
fluid, a
longitudinal
pressure gradient
does move nearly
instantly
down the wire,
without concomitant
electron movement as
Page 3
longitudinal
current. So the
potential gradient
does race
longitudinally down
the wire at nearly
the speed c. In our
detectors and
instruments,
however, we still
detect the
lateral electron
precession waves,
however. Obviously
we
need some
instruments of
greater subtlety.
31. For an
explanation of the
electron drift
velocity, see any
good sophomore
physics text. E.g.,
see David Halliday,
Robert Resnick, and
John Merrill,
Fundamentals of
Physics,
Third Edition
Extended, Volume
Two, John Wiley &
Sons, New
York, 1988, p.
649-650. The
effective or
averaged velocity
of the electrons in
the electron gas in
a copper conductor,
e.g., may be about
1.6 x 10 exp 6
meters per second,
where
the electrons are
considered as free
particles in a gas.
However, when an
electric field is
applied to the
conductor,
the average velocity
of the electrons
down the wire may be
only about 4 x 10
exp(-5) meters per
second. This field-
induced motion down
the wire is many
orders of magnitude
less than the
average velocity of
each moving electron
(without respect to
its direction). As
can be seen, the
electrons just
gradually "drift
along slowly" down
the wire
on the average,
fully justifying the
term "drift
velocity."
Most of the movement
of the electrons in
the wire is in a
radial (precession)
direction.
32. The change in
potential that
travels down the
wire is in
fact a change in the
intensity of the
local vacuum's
virtual
photon flux exchange
with the atoms of
the wire,
particularly with
their atomic nuclei.
It is this VPF
exchange between
vacuum and nucleus
(and to a far lesser
extent, between
vacuum and the
electrons) which is
the
"medium" for the
true signal. Thus
the signal is simply
a
traveling change in
the vacuum/atom VPF
exchange
"potential", with
only a slight delay
due to interaction
with the charges in
the nuclei. The
signal is primarily
a
change in the
virtual state
conditions, rather
than in the
observable state
conditions. However,
to "observe" this
signal, the
embedding or
"coupling"
interaction of the
traveling potential
gradient with the
conduction electrons
is important. This
coupling produces
translation force
fields, i.e.,
acceleration changes
in the translating
electrons. We
actually detect
these electron
translation
changes. In other
words, we actually
detect electron
wiggles, and infer
or assume what must
have been in the
vacuum to interact
with the electron
gas and cause its
waves
or "wiggles." It is
strongly accented
that any detector
detects only its own
internal change; it
detects nothing
"external" at all.
33. Tesla was
adamant that EM
waves in the vacuum
were not
Hertzian, but were
waves of rarefaction
and compression, as
are sound waves. For
example, see Nikola
Tesla, "Pioneer
Radio Engineer Gives
Views on Power," New
York Herald
Tribune, Sep. 11,
1932. Quoting: "...I
showed that the
universal medium is
a gaseous body in
which only
longitudinal pulses
can be propagated,
involving
alternating
compressions and
expansions similar
to those produced by
sound waves in the
air. Thus, a
wireless transmitter
does
not emit Hertz waves
which are a myth,
but sound waves in
Page 4
the ether, behaving
in every respect
like those in the
air,
except that, owing
to the great elastic
force and extremely
small density of the
medium, their speed
is that of light."
In a later article,
"The True Wireless,"
Electrical
Experimenter, May
1919, p. 87, Tesla
wrote: "...The Hertz
wave theory of
wireless
transmission may be
kept up for a
while, but I do not
hesitate to say that
in a short time it
will be recognized
as one of the most
remarkable and
inexplicable
aberrations of the
scientific mind
which has
ever been recorded
in history." Four
years before E.T.
Whittaker's epochal
1903 paper
describing the
internal
structure of the
scalar potential as
consisting of a
phase-
locked harmonic
series of special
bidirectional EM
standing
waves, Tesla
experimentally
discovered the
"standing
potential waves". On
July 3, 1899 and on
through the
evening into the
morning of July 4,
Tesla observed
standing
potential waves from
a traveling
thunderstorm, even
after
the storm had
traveled a distance
of several hundred
miles.
He recorded this
significant
discovery in his
laboratory
notes on July 4,
1899. See Nikola
Tesla, Colorado
Springs
Notes 1899-1900,
Nolit, Beograd,
Yugoslavia, 1978, p.
61-62.
In his magnifying
transmitter, Tesla
was not depending
upon
ordinary Hertzian
waves, or
earth-ionospheric
duct
transmission of
power. These would
not allow
magnification
of the power
worldwide. For
example, in Nikola
Tesla, "My
Inventions: Part V.
The Magnifying
Transmitter,"
Electrical
Experimenter, June
1919, p. 176, Tesla
stated that "...this
wireless transmitter
is one in which the
Hertz-wave
radiation is an
entirely negligible
quantity as compared
with the whole
energy." On p. 178
of the same article,
Tesla stated that
"The transmitter was
to emit a wave-
complex of special
characteristics..."
In "The True
Wireless,"
Electrical
Experimenter, May
1919, p. 29, Tesla
mentioned his use of
a unique form of
resonance in
connection with his
wireless
transmission of
energy, by
stating that one
"...must not view it
in the light of
present day
science." On p. 62
of the same article,
he
stated that his
"...transmission
through the earth is
in
every respect
identical to that
through a straight
wire."
For a direct and
"uncommon"
explanation of how
Tesla's
magnifying
transmitter actually
worked, see T.E.
Bearden,
"Extracting
electromagnetic
energy from the
nonlinear earth
as a self-pumped
phase conjugate
mirror,"
Proceedings,
PACE's Third
International New
Energy Technology
Symposium,
Jun. 25-28, 1988 at
Maison due Cityoen,
Hull (Ottawa),
Canada, 1988.
34. For a
comprehensive
discussion of ether
theories, see E.T.
Whittaker, A History
of the Theories of
Aether and
Electricity,
Philosophical
Library, New York,
1951. This is
the same Whittaker
whose 1903 and 1904
papers provide the
missing linkage
needed to unify EM,
GR, and QM today.
35. By Michelson's
interferometry
experiments to
measure the
speed of light. See
R.S. Shankland,
"Michelson:
America's
First Nobel Prize
Winner in Science,"
The Physics Teacher,
Jan. 1977.
Page 5
36. Ironically, a
world-renowned Nobel
Laureate __ whom I
greatly admire and
with whom I
interacted
face-to-face for
about three hours __
was completely
unable to comprehend
that a photon
carried time, even
though he was quite
aware
that its dimensions
were energy
multiplied by time!
He in
fact was adamant
that it could only
carry energy, not
time.
Many other
physicists have
exhibited the same
bewilderment
when queried on this
question. The point
is this: It is
not, repeat not, the
energy of the photon
that is quantized.
It is the photon's
overall
action/angular
momentum that is
quantized. Making up
the photon, the
energy and time
components are
canonical. For
stable
rate-of-time-flow
conditions, the
energy and time in a
photon are
discretized.
37. Years ago, we
crudely used this to
generate a
fundamentally
new definition of
mass, and also to
explain the
mechanism
for the "flow of
time." See T. E.
Bearden,
Quiton/Perceptron
Physics: A Theory of
Existence,
Perception, and
Physical Phenomena,
National Technical
Information System,
Report AD-763210,
1973. The paper is
crude, and should be
rewritten when
possible. But it
gets
the main point
across. It also
derives Newton's
laws of
motion, relativistic
form; the square law
of gravitation;
and a new defining
equation for mass in
terms of trapped
action flux.
38. Specifically,
the photon and
antiphoton actually
differ
internally. The
photon is composed
of (+DE)(+Dt), or a
piece of positive
energy and a piece
of positive time,
welded together
without a seam. The
antiphoton is
composed
of (-DE)(-Dt), or a
piece of negative
energy and a piece
of
negative time,
welded together
without a seam.
39. Maxwell in fact
writes: "There are
physical quantities
of
another kind which
are related to
directions in space,
but
which are not
vectors. Stresses
and strains in solid
bodies
are examples of
these, and so are
some of the
properties of
bodies considered in
the theory of
elasticity and in
the
theory of double
refraction.
Quantities of this
class
require for their
definition nine
numerical
specifications.
They are expressed
in the language of
quaternions by
linear
and vector functions
of a vector." [James
Clerk Maxwell, A
Treatise on
Electricity and
Magnetism,
unabridged third
edition, Volume 1,
Dover Publications,
New York, 1954, p.
10.] However, even
though Maxwell
utilized a
mechanical
model of the ether,
he apparently never
focused on the exact
internal vector
patterning of a
scalar stress
potential as a
highly significant,
engineerable
property. On page 30
of
his Treatise, e.g.,
he shows three
figures illustrating
his
conception of
directional actions
at a point in space,
involving vectorial
convergence,
rotation, and a
combination
of the two. However,
I have found no
evidence that he
realized the
significance of the
precise pattern of
the
internal vector
structure of a
quaternion
multiplication's
remaining scalar
component when the
vector or
directional
components of that
multiplication
interact to a zero
translation
resultant. In other
words, I have been
unable
to find any
recognition by
Maxwell that a
zero-vector-
resultant
translation system
was highly
significant,
Page 6
particularly in its
gravitational
implications.
However, my
search of Maxwell
has certainly not
been exhaustive, and
evidence to the
contrary may yet be
surfaced.
40. Maxwell's theory
is actually some
200-odd quaternion
equations scattered
throughout his 1873
book. See James
Clerk Maxwell, A
Treatise on
Electricity and
Magnetism,
Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 1873.
The third edition is
by Dover, 1954.
41. Whittaker, 1904,
ibid.
42. There are at
least two quite
different kinds of
zero, and
mathematics uses the
zero concept in two
entirely different
fashions. An example
is in arithmetic.
When we write a
number, a zero in a
digit's position
means the absence of
any digit there. It
means the total
absence of any digit
there. In other
words, it
corresponds to an
"empty set."
We also use the zero
standing alone as
"the definite
absence
of any single
number." However,
here there is a
great
difference, because
at the same time
it's also the
indefinite presence
of multiple numbers.
Specifically,
e.g., 0 = 3 + 2 +
(-5), etc. In our
arithmetic
operations
we regularly replace
the "zero as absence
of any single
number" by "zero as
the presence of
multiple numbers
whose
sum is zero." In
other words, this
type of zero refers
to
absence only of any
singular number. In
this zero case, the
sum of a group of
two or more numbers
that are present can
be zero, while the
numbers still
remain. In vectors,
of
course, the
directions refer to
translations. So a
zero
vector need not be
an "empty set." It's
an "empty set"
insofar as use of
any single finite
translation vector
to
represent the
combined finite
translations of the
interacting vectors.
None such can be
there, because the
overall system
doesn't translate.
But the zero vector
resultant is not an
empty set with
regards to the
actual
continued presence
of the multiply
interacting vectors.
They are still there
and, if they
represent forces,
they
produce a
specifically
patterned stress, or
stress
potential. A
zero-vector
resultant system of
finite vector
components, in
vacuum, is a
specific template
and a specific
vacuum engine doing
continuous internal
work on the medium.
Simply speaking, the
total energy in the
stress can be taken
as a function of the
sum of the squares
of the magnitudes of
the internal vector
components. Note
that the internal
energy patterning,
however, is specific
both in individual
magnitudes and
directions. So for
zero-vector
translation
resultant systems,
the system is a
scalar stress system
__
non-translating __
in terms of its
total magnitude, but
that
scalar stress system
is specific in terms
of its hidden
internal translation
vector structure.
Also, note that two
stress systems can
have identical
stress magnitudes
(the
same amount of
internal energy),
but its internal
components
may vary
drastically, both in
individual
directions and
individual energies
directed in those
directions.
43. Tesla considered
that an electrical
charge was carried
by
the electron, but
was distinct from
the electron itself.
He
considered
electricity to be a
fluid thinner than
any form
Page 7
of matter, with
highly specific
properties of its
own,
completely separate
from matter. He
considered the
charge
of the electron to
be due to a surface
layer of electricity
covering it, and it
could receive many
layers, giving it
multiple charges,
all of which could
be dissipated. See
John J. O'Neill,
Prodigal Genius,
Angriff Press,
Hollywood,
California, 1981, p.
249-250.
44. For appreciable
curvature and hence
use of the vacuum as
an
appreciable EM
energy source or
sink, one must alter
the
mass potential of
the atomic nucleus.
In other words, that
is where most of the
potential energy is,
and it has an
internal Whittaker
EM biwave structure
which can gradually
be appreciably
activated and
altered. See, for
example,
Ingram Bloch and
Horace Crater,
"Lorentz-invariant
potentials and the
nonrelativistic
limit," American
Journal
of Physics, 49(1),
Jan. 1981, p. 67-75.
When the trapped EM
energy in the mass
potential is altered
to a degree of
notable size with
respect to the
particle's rest
energy,
ordinary Newtonian
mechanics and the
Schroedinger
equation
may be inadequate,
even if v/c is
small.
45. E.g., see David
Halliday, Robert
Resnick, and John
Merrill,
Fundamentals of
Physics, Third
Edition Extended,
Volume Two,
John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 1988, p.
1024. See also
Chapter 2 of Peter
Galison, How
Experiments End,
University
of Chicago Press,
1987 for a detailed
description of the
Einstein-de Haas
experiment of 1915,
and of the related
experiments that
followed it. Also
note particularly
that
the suspended static
magnet case does not
appear to have
been carefully
examined; instead,
almost all the work
was
with alteration, or
change of the
magnetization. I am
aware
of Soviet work,
however, that flatly
states that a magnet
carefully and
axially suspended
vertically develops
a
macroscopic turning
moment. See again
Halliday, Resnick,
and Merrill, p.
1024. Is there a
cancellation angular
momentum that
cancels the
macroscopic angular
momentum
effect? If so, from
whence does it come?
Can it be evaded?
Think about it.
46. Our approach to
scalar EM requires
that the value of c
be a
function of the VPF
intensity of the
vacuum. In fact,
some
of the very best
measurements clearly
show this fact. See,
for example, Bryan
G. Wallace, "The
great speed of light
in
space coverup,"
Scientific Ethics,
1(1), Feb. 1985, p.
2-3.
According to
Wallace's findings,
significant
unexplained
systematic
variations exist in
all measured
interplanetary
radar data, and the
Jet Propulsion
Laboratory is
apparently
forced to use
empirical correction
factors to uphold
the
constancy of the
speed of light. See
also M.E. Ash, I.I.
Shapiro, and W.B.
Smith, Astron. J.,
Vol. 72, 1967, p.
72.
Direct experiments
on Einstein's second
postulate, in the
1961 interplanetary
radar contact with
Venus, challenge
whether relativity
is correct.
Variations of over
30,000%
of the best possible
general relativity
fit the MIT Lincoln
Lab could generate
were measured. The
variations were not
random but contained
diurnal, lunar, and
synodic periodic
components. See also
Bryan G. Wallace,
"The Unified Quantum
Electrodynamic
Ether," Foundations
of Physics, Vol. 3,
1973,
Page 8
p. 381. Wallace
details measurements
strongly challenging
the Einstein
assumption of the
constant velocity of
light,
and deals with the
nature of the ether.
Wallace's analysis
of such data
strongly challenging
the constancy of the
speed
of light in vacuum
has been largely
suppressed by
leading
scientific journals.
47. The huge
collection of
charged particles in
the mass of the
earth, and the local
scalar EM potential
resulting from
them, results in an
ambient vacuum
potential in the
earth
laboratory that is
higher in magnitude
than the ambient
vacuum potential in
deep space far from
planetary and
stellar masses. Just
as sound travels
faster through steel
than air, light
should travel faster
in a hard vacuum in
the
earth laboratory
than it does in deep
space. Indeed this
is
true. See, for
example, B.N.
Belyaev, "On random
fluctuations of the
velocity of light in
vacuum," [in
Russian], Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedenii, Fizika,
Vol. 11, Nov. 1980,
p. 37-42.
48. A.D. Sakharov,
"Vacuum Quantum
Fluctuations in
Curved Space
and the Theory of
Gravitation," Soviet
Physics Doklady,
Vol.
12, 1968, p. 1040.
49. Thus the
probability that a
quantum potential
will be formed
between separated
electronic systems,
etc., is a function
of
the overall signal
density of the
environment, rather
than
specific signal
characteristics. I
have previously
proposed
a self-targeting
mechanism that
directly creates the
quantum
potential, via the
hidden Whittaker
biwave EM
communication
inside the scalar EM
potential. See T.E.
Bearden,
Gravitobiology,
Tesla Book Co., POB
12183, Chula Vista,
CA
91912, 1991, p.
33-37. An example of
the quantum
potential
effect also
apparently happened
during the U.S. air
attack
on Libya in April
1986. See Mark
Thompson, "Mixed
signals
may have misguided
U.S. weapons," The
Washington Post,
Jan.
22, 1989, p. A4 for
a description of the
incident.
50. For various
papers treating the
quantum potential,
but
without any notion
of the mechanism
that creates one,
see
Quantum
Implications: Essays
in Honour of David
Bohm, Eds.
B.J. Hiley and F.
David Peat,
Routledge & Kegan
Paul, London
& New York, 1987.
Also, particularly
see the various
papers
on this subject in
Quantum Concepts in
Space and Time, Eds.
R. Penrose and C.J.
Isham, Clarendon
Press, Oxford, 1986.
51. Floyd Sweet and
T.E. Bearden, ibid.
52. Paul J. Nahin,
Oliver Heaviside:
Sage in Solitude,
IEEE
Press, New York,
1988, p. 307.
53. For a beautiful
consideration of
negative energy in a
theory
of gravitation, see
Frederick E.
Alzofon,
"Antigravity with
present technology:
Implementation and
theoretical
foundation," in
AIAA/SAE/ASME Joint
Propulsion
Conference,
17th, Colorado
Springs, Colorado,
July 27-29, 1981,
New
York: American
Institute of
Aeronautics and
Astronautics
Report
#AIAA-81-1608, 1981.
Page 9
54. For example, see
"Nonlinear Forced
Oscillations," in
Modern
Mathematics for the
Engineer, Edwin F.
Beckenbach, Ed.,
McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1956, p. 18-20
for a particularly
simple and succinct
introduction. More
complete coverages
are readily
available. Our
comment here is
that, in the
graviton theory
advanced in this
paper, gravitons
comprising
a scalar EM
potential are
already linked
spatially and
harmonically/subharmonically,
to compose a
spatiotemporal
lattice.
55. The following
references should
prove useful: Vlail
P.
Kaznacheyev and L.P.
Mikhailova,
Ultraweak Radiations
in
Intercellular
Interactions, [in
Russian],
Novosibirsk, 1981;
Vail P. Kaznacheyev,
"Electromagnetic
Bioinformation in
Intercellular
Interactions," PSI
Research, 1(1), Mar.
1982,
p. 47-76. [Although
the PSI Research
journal is now
defunct, the
referenced article
in it contains a
considerable amount
of the information
referenced in
Kaznacheyev's book.]
See also V.P.
Kaznacheyev et Al,
"Distant
intercellular
interactions in a
system of two
tissue cultures,"
Psychoenergetic
Systems, 1(3), Mar.
1976;
Vlail P. Kaznacheyev
et Al, "Apparent
information transfer
between two groups
of cells,"
Psychoenergetic
Systems, 1(1),
Dec. 1974; V.P.
Kaznacheyev,
"Information
function of
Ultraweak Light
Flows in Biological
Systems," in
Problems in
Biophysics,
Novosirbirsk, 1967,
p. 7-18 [in
Russian].
56. For decades the
Soviets induced
anomalous health
changes and
diseases in
personnel in the
U.S. Embassy in
Moscow,
utilizing microwave
radiation. Studies
by Johns Hopkins
researchers
established that the
anomalous health
changes
only occurred in
personnel located in
areas that had zero
EM
force fields. In
other words, they
occurred only where
the
potentials __ if any
__ would have been
gradient-free, and
hence persistent,
and without
bleed-off. Specific
Whittaker
structures
introduced into the
persistent
potentials could
directly account for
the results, a la
Kaznacheyev's
cytopathogenic
effect. Note that,
in nonlinear
systems, the
phenomenon of
nonlinear resonance
would imply that
subharmonics of the
specific Kaznacheyev
optical signals
from damaged cells
could be utilized to
produce the
cytopathogenic
effect. In other
words, microwaves
could be
utilized to produce
the same results.
See T.E. Bearden,
Gravitobiology,
Tesla Book Co.,
Chula Vista,
California,
1991 for more
complete details,
mechanisms, and
extensive
references.
57. In the 1960s and
70's French inventor
Antoine Priore,
working with some of
the finest French
medical scientists,
positively proved
that killer diseases
such as cancer,
leukemia, sleeping
sickness, etc. can
be cured with
unorthodox
electromagnetics.
This was not
anecdotal
material, but
rigorous scientific
experiments properly
performed and
reported in the
French medical
journals. For
a complete resume of
the Priore affair,
see Jean-Michel
Graille, Le Dossier
Priore, De Noel,
Paris, 1984 (in
French). For a
substantial
synopsis, see
Christopher Bird,
"Appendix I: The
Case of Antoine
Priore and His
Therapeutic
Machine: A Scandal
in the Politics of
Science," in T.E.
Page 10
Bearden, AIDS:
Biological Warfare,
ibid. p. 346-375.
See
also Priore
references, ibid.,
p. 333-339. For an
excellent
lay summary of the
Priore Affair, with
some details of the
working of Priore's
machine,
particularly see
David M.
Rorvick, "Do the
French have a cure
for cancer?",
Esquire
Magazine, July 1975,
p. 110-111, 142-149.
58. As an example,
one eminent French
scientist who worked
with
Priore was Dr.
Robert Courrier,
then Secretaire
Perpetuel of
the French Academy
of Sciences, and
also head of the
Biology
Section of the
Academy. Courrier
personally presented
Priore's astounding
results to the
French Academy.
Pautrizel was also
another eminent
French scientist who
extensively worked
with Priore, and
wrote several
technical
papers on the
results, and these
papers are printed
in the
standard French
medical literature.
59. See Fritz Albert
Popp, "Photon
Storage in
Biological
Systems," in Fritz
Albert Popp et Al,
Eds.,
Electromagnetic
Bio-Information:
Proceedings of the
Symposium, Marburg,
September 5, 1977,
Urban &
Schwarzenberg,
Baltimore, 1979,
p. 123-149.
60. Aharonov and
Bohm, Physical
Review, 1959.
61. Whittaker, 1904,
ibid.
62. Specifically, it
is absolutely
essential to read
Morris
Kline, Mathematics:
The Loss of
Certainty, Oxford
University
Press, New York,
1980
63. See, for
example, G. Spencer
Brown, Laws of Form,
Julian
Press, New York,
1972.
64. See Appendix
III: "A Conditional
Criterion for
Identity,
Leading to a Fourth
Law of Logic," in
T.E. Bearden, AIDS:
Biological Warfare,
Tesla Book Co., POB
12183, Chula Vista,
CA 91912, 1988, p.
428-443.
65. Robert Bruce
Lindsay and Henry
Margenau,
Foundations of
Physics, Dover
Publications, New
York, 1963.
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